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1.
J Glob Antimicrob Resist ; 36: 135-138, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38072242

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The global spread of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESßL)-producing Escherichia coli has been considered a One Health issue that demands continuous genomic epidemiology surveillance in humans and non-human hosts. OBJECTIVES: To report the occurrence and genomic data of ESßL-producing E. coli strains isolated from South American llamas inhabiting a protected area with public access in the Andean Highlands of Peru. METHODS: Two ESßL-producing E. coli strains (E. coli L1LB and L2BHI) were identified by MALDI-TOF. Genomic DNAs were extracted and sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform. De novo assembly was performed by CLC Genomic Workbench and in silico prediction was accomplished by curated bioinformatics tools. SNP-based phylogenomic analysis was performed using publicly available genomes of global E. coli ST10. RESULTS: Escherichia coli L1LB generated a total of 4 000 11 and L2BHI a total of 4 002 54 paired-end reads of ca.164 × and ca. 157 ×, respectively. Both E. coli strains were assigned to serotype O8:H4, fimH41, and ST10. The blaCTX-M-65 ESßL gene, along with other medically important antimicrobial resistance genes, was predicted. Broad virulomes, including the presence of the astA gene, were confirmed. The phylogenomic analysis revealed that E. coli L1LB and L2BHI strains are closely related to isolates from companion animals and human hosts, as well as environmental strains, previously reported in North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. CONCLUSION: Presence of ESßL-producing E. coli ST10 in South American camelids with historical and cultural importance supports successful expansion of international clones of priority pathogens in natural areas with public access.


Asunto(s)
Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Animales , Humanos , Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Perú , Antibacterianos/farmacología , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Genómica
2.
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis ; 99: 102019, 2023 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37473695

RESUMEN

Antibiotic resistance is a current problem that significantly impacts overall health. The dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to urban areas primarily occurs through ARG-carrying bacteria present in the gut microbiota of animals raised in intensive farming settings, such as pig production. Hence, this study aimed to isolate and analyzed 87 Escherichia coli strains from pig fecal samples obtained from intensive farms in Lima Department. The isolates were subjected to Kirby-Bauer-Disk Diffusion Test and PCR for mcr-1 gene identification. Disk-diffusion assay revealed a high level of resistance among these isolates to oxytetracycline, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline. PCR analysis identified the mcr-1 gene in 8% (7/87) E. coli isolates. Further, whole genome sequencing was conducted on 17 isolates, including multidrug resistance (MDR) E. coli and/or mcr-1 gene carriers. This analysis unveiled a diverse array of ARGs. Alongside the mcr-1 gene, the blaCTX-M55 gene was particularly noteworthy as it confers resistance to third generation cephalosporins, including ceftriaxone. MDR E. coli genomes exhibited other ARGs encoding resistance to fosfomycin (fosA3), quinolones (qnrB19, qnrS1, qnrE1), tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetD, tetM), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, sul3), amphenicols (cmlA1, floR), lincosamides (inuE), as well as various aminoglycoside resistance genes. Additionally, Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) revealed a high diversity of E. coli strains, including ST10, a pandemic clone. This information provides evidence of the dissemination of highly significant ARGs in public health. Therefore, it is imperative to implement measures aimed at mitigating and preventing the transmission of MDR bacteria carrying ARGs to urban environments.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Escherichia coli/genética , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/veterinaria , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Perú , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Genómica , Plásmidos/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología
3.
Res Microbiol ; 174(7): 104086, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37307910

RESUMEN

Salmonella Typhimurium is an important agent of foodborne diseases. In Peru, the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of S. Typhimurium from the food chain could be linked to guinea pig farming as a potential reservoir and their uncontrolled antibiotic treatment against salmonellosis. In this study, we performed the sequencing, genomic diversity, and characterization of resistance elements transmitted by isolates from farm and meat guinea pigs. The genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhimurium isolates were performed using nucleotide similarity, cgMLST, serotyping, phylogenomic analyses, and characterization of resistance plasmids. We found at least four populations of isolates from farm guinea pigs and four populations from meat guinea pigs without finding isolated transmission between both resources. Genotypic resistance to antibiotics was observed in at least 50% of the isolates. Among the farm guinea pig isolates, ten were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid, and two isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracycline-fluoroquinolone (carrying strA-strB-tetA-tetB genes and gyrA S83F mutation), or trimethoprim-sulfonamide (carrying AaadA1-drfA15-sul1 genes). Additionally, two isolates from the meat source were resistant to fluoroquinolones (one of which had enrofloxacin resistance). The transmissible resistance plasmids with insertion sequences (IS) such as IncI-gamma-K1-ISE3-IS6, IncI1-I (alpha)-IS21-Tn10, and Col (pHAD28) were commonly found in isolates belonging to the HC100-9757 cluster from both guinea pigs and human hosts. Altogether, our work provides resistance determinants profiles and Salmonella sp. circulating lineages using WGS data that can promote better sanitary control and adequate antimicrobial prescription.

4.
Front Vet Sci ; 10: 1340428, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38292135

RESUMEN

Introduction: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are on the WHO priority pathogens list because they are associated with high mortality, health-care burden, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a serious problem that threatens global public health and should be addressed through the One Health approach. Non-human primates (NHP) have a high risk of acquiring these antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to their close phylogenetic relationship with humans and increased anthropogenic activities in their natural environments. This study aimed to detect and analyze the genomes of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-producing E. coli) in NHP from the Peruvian Amazon. Materials and methods: We collected a total of 119 fecal samples from semi-captive Saguinus labiatus, Saguinus mystax, and Saimiri boliviensis, and captive Ateles chamek, Cebus unicolor, Lagothrix lagothricha, and Sapajus apella in the Loreto and Ucayali regions, respectively. Subsequently, we isolated and identified E. coli strains by microbiological methods, detected ESBL-producing E. coli through antimicrobial susceptibility tests following CLSI guidelines, and analyzed their genomes using previously described genomic methods. Results: We detected that 7.07% (7/99) of E. coli strains: 5.45% (3/55) from Loreto and 9.09% (4/44) from Ucayali, expressed ESBL phenotype. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of high-risk pandemic clones, such as ST10 and ST117, carrying a broad resistome to relevant antibiotics, including three blaCTX-M variants: blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-65. Phylogenomic analysis confirmed the clonal relatedness of high-risk lineages circulating at the human-NHP interface. Additionally, two ESBL-producing E. coli strains were identified as EPEC (eae) and ExPEC according to their virulence profiles, and one more presented a hypermucoviscous phenotype. Discussion: We report the detection and genomic analysis of seven ESBL-producing E. coli strains carrying broad resistome and virulence factors in NHP from two regions of the Peruvian Amazon. Some of these strains are closely related to high-risk pandemic lineages previously reported in humans and domestic animals, highlighting the negative impact of anthropogenic activities on Amazonian wildlife. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of ESBL-producing E. coli in NHP from the Amazon, underscoring the importance of adopting the One Health approach to AMR surveillance and minimizing the potential transmission risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria at the human-NHP interface.

5.
Antibiotics (Basel) ; 11(12)2022 Dec 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36551438

RESUMEN

Resistance to colistin generated by the mcr-1 gene in Enterobacteriaceae is of great concern due to its efficient worldwide spread. Despite the fact that the Lima region has a third of the Peruvian population and more than half of the national pig and poultry production, there are no reports of the occurrence of the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli isolated from livestock. In the present work, we studied the occurrence of E. coli carrying the mcr-1 gene in chicken and pig farms in Lima between 2019 and 2020 and described the genomic context of the mcr-1 gene. We collected fecal samples from 15 farms in 4 provinces of Lima including the capital Lima Metropolitana and recovered 341 E. coli isolates. We found that 21.3% (42/197) and 12.5% (18/144) of the chicken and pig strains were mcr-1-positive by PCR, respectively. The whole genome sequencing of 14 mcr-1-positive isolates revealed diverse sequence types (e.g., ST48 and ST602) and the presence of other 38 genes that confer resistance to 10 different classes of antibiotics, including beta-lactamase blaCTX-M-55. The mcr-1 gene was located on diverse plasmids belonging to the IncI2 and IncHI1A:IncHI1B replicon types. A comparative analysis of the plasmids showed that they contained the mcr-1 gene within varied structures (mikB-mcr1-pap2, ISApl1-mcr1-pap2, and Tn6330). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study the prevalence of the mcr-1 gene in livestock in Peru, revealing its high occurrence in pig and chicken farms. The genetic diversity of mcr-1-positive strains suggests a complex local epidemiology calling for a coordinated surveillance under the One-Health approach that includes animals, retail meat, farmers, hospitals and the environment to effectively detect and limit the spread of colistin-resistant bacteria.

6.
Microorganisms ; 10(9)2022 Aug 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36144328

RESUMEN

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that infect humans globally. The gastrointestinal tracts of animals like pigs, poultry or cattle are the main reservoirs of Salmonella serotypes. Guinea pig meat is an important protein source for Andean countries, but this animal is commonly infected by S. Typhimurium, producing high mortality rates and generating economic losses. Despite its impact on human health, food security, and economy, there is no genomic information about the S. Typhimurium responsible for the guinea pig infections in Peru. Here, we sequence and characterize 11 S. Typhimurium genomes isolated from guinea pigs from four farms in Lima-Peru. We were able to identify two genetic clusters (HC100_9460 and HC100_9757) distinguishable at the H100 level of the Hierarchical Clustering of Core Genome Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (HierCC-cgMLST) scheme with an average of 608 SNPs of distance. All sequences belonged to sequence type 19 (ST19) and HC100_9460 isolates were typed in silico as monophasic variants (1,4,[5],12:i:-) lacking the fljA and fljB genes. Phylogenomic analysis showed that human isolates from Peru were located within the same genetic clusters as guinea pig isolates, suggesting that these lineages can infect both hosts. We identified a genetic antimicrobial resistance cassette carrying the ant(3)-Ia, dfrA15, qacE, and sul1 genes associated with transposons TnAs3 and IS21 within an IncI1 plasmid in one guinea pig isolate, while antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) for ß-lactam (blaCTX-M-65) and colistin (mcr-1) resistance were detected in Peruvian human-derived isolates. The presence of a virulence plasmid highly similar to the pSLT plasmid (LT2 reference strain) containing the spvRABCD operon was found in all guinea pig isolates. Finally, seven phage sequences (STGP_Φ1 to STGP_Φ7) were identified in guinea pig isolates, distributed according to the genetic lineage (H50 clusters level) and forming part of the specific gene content of each cluster. This study presents, for the first time, the genomic characteristics of S. Typhimurium isolated from guinea pigs in South America, showing particular diversity and genetic elements (plasmids and prophages) that require special attention and also broader studies in different periods of time and locations to determine their impact on human health.

7.
Virusdisease ; 29(1): 109-112, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29607368

RESUMEN

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has been reported worldwide as the main agent related to acute hemorrhagic enteritis of high morbidity and variable mortality in puppies. The detection and characterization of this virus is essential to understand the etiology of the disease and to develop control measures. To characterize the virus circulating in Peruvian dogs and to provide new insights into the local diversity of CPV-2, rectal swabs from 39 puppies with clinical symptoms and with no history of previous vaccinations were analyzed. Total DNA was extracted by fast boiling method, and PCR and sequencing were performed using specific primers that amplify a 1316 bp fragment corresponding to the VP2 gene of CPV-2. CPV-2 was detected in 62% of the analyzed samples. The sequencing of PCR product was possible in 9 samples, which were identified as type 2a (4 samples) and type 2c (5 samples). A phylogenetic analysis of both variants circulating in Peruvian dogs showed similarities to Equatorian and Uruguayan strains. This work constitutes the first report about genetic characterization of CPV-2 in Peru.

9.
Ann Emerg Med ; 63(6): 692-8.e4, 2014 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24210367

RESUMEN

STUDY OBJECTIVE: It remains unknown whether initial opioid dosing should optimally be fixed or weight-based. We wish to determine whether pain response after an initial fixed dose of intravenous hydromorphone varied by total body weight. METHODS: We enrolled a convenience sample of emergency department adults aged 18 to 65 years with acute pain requiring intravenous opioids and administered 1 mg of hydromorphone. Our primary outcome was the correlation of total body weight with the reduction in pain at 30 minutes, as measured with a numeric rating scale. Our secondary outcomes contrasted total body weight by other measures of efficacy (numeric rating scale <3, pain relief, satisfaction, and desire for more analgesics) and adverse events (nausea, vomiting, and pruritus). We also performed a multivariate analysis to control for variables that might affect the relationship of pain response to total body weight. RESULTS: We enrolled 163 subjects with a range of weights from 45 to 157 kg, and their mean numeric rating scale pain reduction at 30 minutes was 5.3. Pain reduction did not correlate with weight in either univariate or multivariable models. Secondary outcomes were also similar, except greater pruritus in lower-weight subjects. CONCLUSION: Pain response to a fixed 1 mg intravenous dose of hydromorphone did not vary by total body weight in this sample of adults aged 18 to 65 years, suggesting no advantage to weight-based over fixed opioid dosing.


Asunto(s)
Dolor Agudo/tratamiento farmacológico , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Hidromorfona/administración & dosificación , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Adulto , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Humanos , Hidromorfona/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Dimensión del Dolor
10.
Vet Parasitol ; 187(3-4): 414-20, 2012 Jul 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22341616

RESUMEN

The presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was investigated in 274 faecal samples of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from 12 herds from Peru by immunofluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of the ssu-rRNA and ß-giardin genes from Giardia spp., as well as the ssu-rRNA gene from Cryptosporidium spp. A total of 137 samples (50.0%) were positive for Giardia spp., and 12 samples (4.4%) for Cryptosporidium spp. In ten samples (3.6%), co-infection by both pathogens was found. Herd prevalence was found to be 91.7% (11/12 herds) for Giardia and 58.3% (7/12 herds) for Cryptosporidium. Regarding the age of the animals, although Giardia was detected in animals as young as 1 week, the prevalence increased with age, reaching 80% by 8 weeks. Similarly, the highest percentage of Cryptosporidium detection (20%) was also found in the 8 week-old group. By PCR, 92 of the 274 analysed samples were positive for Giardia. Sequencing of the amplicons showed the existence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in 67 samples; G. duodenalis assemblage E in 24 samples; and inconsistent results between the two molecular markers used in a further sample. Cryptosporidium was only detected by PCR in 3 of the 274 samples; Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in two samples and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in one sample. This study is the first performing molecular characterisation of both parasites in Peruvian alpacas, and the first report of C. ubiquitum in this host. The identification of G. duodenalis assemblage A, C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, suggests that zoonotic transmission of these enteropathogens between alpacas and humans is possible.


Asunto(s)
Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo , Criptosporidiosis/veterinaria , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Giardia/aislamiento & purificación , Giardiasis/veterinaria , Animales , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Giardia/clasificación , Giardia/genética , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Giardiasis/parasitología , Masculino , Perú/epidemiología , Filogenia , ARN Protozoario/genética
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