RESUMEN
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, and women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience especially elevated risk. This study examined the association between testosterone and vascular function in 61 reproductive-aged females with CKD. Testosterone levels and measures of vascular function were assessed, including pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and velocity time integral. Multivariable linear regression analyses assessed the relationship between testosterone and each measure of vascular function. No associations were observed between testosterone and vascular function outcomes, although a significant positive association between testosterone-to-estradiol ratio and FMD was demonstrated. Although testosterone levels were not independently predictive of vascular function, the level of testosterone relative to estradiol was associated with FMD and may therefore influence endothelial function in the high-risk population of reproductive-aged female patients with CKD.
Alors que les maladies cardiovasculaires sont la cause principale de décès chez les femmes, les femmes atteintes d'une maladie rénale chronique (MRC) sont exposées à un risque particulièrement élevé. La présente étude vise à examiner l'association entre la testostérone et la fonction vasculaire de 61 femmes en âge de procréer atteintes d'une MCV. Nous avons évalué les concentrations de testostérone et les mesures de la fonction vasculaire, soit la vélocité de l'onde de pouls, l'augmentation de l'aorte, la dilatation médiée par le flux (DMF) et l'intégrale temps-vitesse. Les analyses multivariées de régression linéaire ont permis d'évaluer la relation entre la testostérone et chacune des mesures de la fonction vasculaire. Aucune association n'a été observée entre la testostérone et les résultats de la fonction vasculaire, bien qu'une association positive significative entre le ratio testostérone/Åstradiol et la DMF ait été démontrée. Bien que les concentrations de testostérone n'étaient pas indépendamment prédictives de la fonction vasculaire, les concentrations de la testostérone relativement à l'Åstradiol ont été associées à la DMF et peuvent par conséquent influencer la fonction endothéliale au sein de la population exposée à un risque élevé composée de patientes en âge de procréer atteintes d'une MRC.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and acute toxicity of extracts obtained from a successive extraction with solvents of ascending polarity [hexane, hex; chloroform, CHCl3 and ethanol (EtOH)] of Ternstroemia sylvatica Schltdl. & Cham. METHODS: The antioxidant potential was evaluated by 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays and by determining the total phenolic content. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects were evaluated using the in vivo croton oil-induced ear edema, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin murine models. The acute toxicity was tested using the Lorke's method in mice. RESULTS: The EtOH extract was the most active for the antioxidant potential tests diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (68.70% inhibition), ferric reducing/antioxidant power [(2431.30 ± 102.10) mmol Fe2+ and total polyphenols content (215.80 ± 8.50) meqAG/g]. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by topical application of croton oil (2 mg/ear dose) where the EtOH extract showed the strongest activity compared to the control group (45.13% inhibition), whereas in the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate model, at the same dose, the CHCl3 extract showed the highest inhibition (42.88%). In the carrageenan induced edema model, the EtOH extract showed a stronger inhibition compared to indomethacin (56.34% and 50.70% at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of extract, respectively) during the first hour. Similarly, the same extract showed the highest analgesic activity (30.60% inhibition) in the acetic acid contortion assay, and in the formalin test it showed a greater effect with respect to the control group in both phases. CONCLUSIONS: Our work confirms the value of Ternstroemia sylvatica as an important anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant, whose mechanism seems to be associated to its antioxidant effects, and supports its uses in the Mexican traditional medicine.
RESUMEN
One of the major mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation is the excessive production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and therefore, oxidative stress. Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima has marked antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro, as well as anti-inflammatory activity in certain experimental models, the latter activity being mediated probably by the antioxidant activity of this cyanobacterium. In the present study, chronic inflammation was induced through injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) in rats treated daily with Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima for 2 weeks beginning on day 14. Joint diameter, body temperature, and motor capacity were assessed each week. On days 0 and 28, total and differential leukocyte counts and serum oxidative damage were determined, the latter by assessing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. At the end of the study, oxidative damage to joints was likewise evaluated. Results show that S. maxima favors increased mobility, as well as body temperature regulation, and a number of circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes in specimens with CFA-induced chronic inflammation and also protects against oxidative damage in joint tissue as well as serum. In conclusion, the protection afforded by S. maxima against development of chronic inflammation is due to its antioxidant activity.
