Irreversible electroporation to bring initially unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma to surgery: the IRECAP phase II study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the IRECAP study was to evaluate the rate of locally advanced pancreas cancer patients (LAPC) who could undergo R0 or R1 surgery after irreversible electroporation (IRE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: IRECAP study is a phase II, single-center, open-label, prospective, non-randomized trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03105921). Patients with LAPC were first treated by 3-month neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in order to avoid inclusion of either patients with LAPC having become resectable after chemotherapy or patients with rapid disease progression. In cases of stable disease, IRE was performed percutaneously under CT guidance. Surgery was planned between 28 and 90 days after IRE. Tumor specimens were studied to evaluate the resection margins (R0/R1/R2). RESULTS: Six men and 11 women were included (median age 61 years, range 37-77 years). No IRE-related death was observed. Ten patients (58%, 10/17) experienced 25 serious adverse events related to IRE. Four patients progressed between IRE and surgery and were excluded from surgery. Thirteen patients were finally operated, six withheld for pancreas resection, three for diffuse peritoneal carcinosis, two for massive vascular entrapment, and one for hepato-cellular carcinoma not diagnosed before surgery. Rate of R1-R0 was 35% (n = 6/17). Median overall survival was 31 months (95% CI; 4-undefined) for the six patients with R0/R1 resection and 21 months (95% CI; 4-25) for the 11 patients without resection or R2 resection (logrank p = 0.044). CONCLUSION: After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, IRE could provide R0 or R1 resection in 35% of LAPC, which seems to be associated with higher OS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: After induction chemotherapy, stable locally advanced pancreatic cancers can be treated by irreversible electroporation, which could lead to a secondary 35% rate of R0 or R1 surgical resection which may be associated with a significantly higher overall survival. KEY POINTS: • In cases of unresectable LAPC (locally advanced pancreatic cancer), percutaneous irreversible electroporation (pIRE) is feasible (100% success rate of the procedure), but is associated with a 58% rate of grade 3-4 adverse events. • In patients with unresectable LAPC, pIRE could lead 35% of patients to R0-R1 surgical resection. • From IRE, median overall survival was 31 months (95% CI; 4-undefined) for the patients with R0/R1 resection and 21 months (95% CI; 4-25) for the patients without resection or R2 resection (logrank p = 0.044).

Multicentric clinical evaluation of a computed tomography-based fully automated deep neural network for aortic maximum diameter and volumetric measurements.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate a fully automatic deep learning-based method (augmented radiology for vascular aneurysm [ARVA]) for aortic segmentation and simultaneous diameter and volume measurements. METHODS: A clinical validation dataset was constructed from preoperative and postoperative aortic computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans for assessing these functions. The dataset totaled 350 computed tomography angiography scans from 216 patients treated at two different hospitals. ARVA's ability to segment the aorta into seven morphologically based aortic segments and measure maximum outer-to-outer wall transverse diameters and compute volumes for each was compared with the measurements of six experts (ground truth) and thirteen clinicians. RESULTS: Ground truth (experts') measurements of diameters and volumes were manually performed for all aortic segments. The median absolute diameter difference between ground truth and ARVA was 1.6 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-1.7; and 1.6 mm [95% CI, 1.6-1.7]) between ground truth and clinicians. ARVA produced measurements within the clinical acceptable range with a proportion of 85.5% (95% CI, 83.5-86.3) compared with the clinicians' 86.0% (95% CI, 83.9-86.0). The median volume similarity error ranged from 0.93 to 0.95 in the main trunk and achieved 0.88 in the iliac arteries. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the reliability of a fully automated artificial intelligence-driven solution capable of quick aortic segmentation and analysis of both diameter and volume for each segment.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Issues in Glioma Using Imaging Data: The Challenge of Numerical Twinning.

Glial tumors represent the leading etiology of primary brain tumors. Their particularities lie in (i) their location in a highly functional organ that is difficult to access surgically, including for biopsy, and (ii) their rapid, anisotropic mode of extension, notably via the fiber bundles of the white matter, which further limits the possibilities of resection. The use of mathematical tools enables the development of numerical models representative of the oncotype, genotype, evolution, and therapeutic response of lesions. The significant development of digital technologies linked to high-resolution NMR exploration, coupled with the possibilities offered by AI, means that we can envisage the creation of digital twins of tumors and their host organs, thus reducing the use of physical sampling.

Functional outcome in low-ASPECTS (0-5) acute ischemic stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy: impact of laterality explored in a single-center study.

Background: There is no consensus regarding the influence of infarct laterality in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT), particularly in low-ASPECT (0-5) patients who were excluded from the initial MT studies and that participated in dedicated randomized-controlled trials that do not consider the side of the occlusion. We aimed to evaluate the role of infarct laterality on the clinical outcome in low-ASPECT AIS patients treated with MT. Material and methods: We retrospectively analyzed our institutional stroke database in our Thrombectomy-Capable Stroke Center (TCSC), including patient characteristics, procedural variables, and outcomes, between January 2015 and January 2022. Patients with acute intracranial ICA and/or proximal MCA occlusions with ASPECT ≤ 5 either on CT or MRI were included and divided into 2 groups according to the location of ischemia. The primary endpoint was a good clinical outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-3). Results: Between January 2015 and November 2021, 817 MT were performed, of which 82 were low-ASPECT (10.0%): 41 left-sided and 41 right-sided strokes. The rates of good clinical outcome were 30.8% (12/41) for the left-sided group and 43.6% (17/41) for the right-sided group, with a p-value of 0.349. The morality rate showed no significant difference between the two groups: 39.0% (16/41) in the right stroke group and 36.6% (15/41) in the left stroke group. Conclusion: The clinical outcome was not significantly influenced by stroke laterality. The results of this single-center retrospective study indicate either a lack of strength or equal value in performing mechanical thrombectomy regardless of stroke laterality.

Assessment of Compliance and Impact of the COVID-19 RSNA Recommendations on Radiology Departments: A French Survey.

Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Tuite in this issue.

Accuracy of a CT density threshold enhancement to identify pancreatic parenchyma necrosis in acute pancreatitis during the first week.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify attenuation threshold value on computed tomography (CT) that allowed discriminating between interstitial edematous pancreatitis (IEP) and necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) in patients with acute pancreatitis during the first week of the disease and evaluate interobserver reproducibility for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis category. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with acute pancreatitis who underwent CT examination of the abdomen between March 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively included. Actual diagnosis of IEP or NP was based on final clinical report, follow-up evaluation, and complications. Six regions of interest were manually placed in the pancreatic gland and peripancreatic fat, and differences in CT attenuation values before contrast injection and during the portal venous phase of enhancement were computed. Performance in the diagnosis of AP category was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Interobserver agreement was estimated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland Altman analysis was used to estimate reproducibility between pairs of observers. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with NP (46 men, 20 women; mean age, 55 ± 17 [SD] years; age range: 20-89 years) and 70 patients with IEP (39 men, 31 women; mean age, 54 ± 18 [SD] years; age range: 21-87 years) were included. An enhancement value less than 30 Hounsfield units (HU) in the pancreatic gland during the portal phase compared to non-contrast phase, yielded 90.9% sensitivity (60/66; 95% CI: 81.3-96.6), 94.3% specificity (66/70; 95% CI: 86.0-98.4) and an area under curve of 0.958 (95% CI: 0.919-0.996) for the diagnosis of NP versus IEP. Interobserver reproducibility for pancreas enhancement was good using Bland Altman plot and ICC was excellent for pancreatic gland analysis (ICC 0.978; 95% CI: 0.961-0.988) but poor or moderate (ICC ≤0.634) regarding peripancreatic fat necrosis. CONCLUSION: By using a pancreas enhancement threshold value of 30 HU, CT is accurate and reproducible for the diagnosis of NP during the first week of the disease.

Efficacy of chest CT scan for COVID-19 diagnosis in a low prevalence and incidence region.

OBJECTIVES: Value of chest CT was mainly studied in area of high COVID-19 incidence. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate chest CT performances to diagnose COVID-19 pneumonia with regard to RT-PCR as reference standard in a low incidence area. METHODS: A survey was sent to radiology department in 4 hospitals in an administrative French region of weak disease prevalence (3.4%). Study design was approved by the local institutional review board and recorded on the clinicaltrial.gov website (NCT04339686). Written informed consent was waived due to retrospective anonymized data collection. Patients who underwent a RT-PCR and a chest CT scan within 48 h for COVID-19 pneumonia suspicion were consecutively included. Diagnostic accuracy including the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of chest CT regarding RT-PCR as reference standard were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-nine patients had abnormal chest CT findings compatible with a COVID-19 pneumonia (26%, 129/487). Among the 358 negative chest CT findings, 3% (10/358) were RT-PCR positive. Chest CT sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value were respectively 87% (IC95: 85, 89; 69/79), 85% (IC95: 83, 87; 348/408), 53% (IC95: 50, 56; 69/129), and 97% (IC95: 95, 99; 348/358). CONCLUSIONS: In a low prevalence area, chest CT scan is a good diagnostic tool to rule out COVID-19 infection among symptomatic suspected patients. KEY POINTS: • In a low prevalence area (3.4% in the administrative area and 5.8% at mean in the study) chest CT sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing COVID-19 pneumonia were 87% and 85% respectively. • In patients with negative chest CT for COVID-19 pneumonia, the negative predictive value of COVID-19 infection was 97% (348/358 subjects). • Performance of CT was equivalent between the 4 centers participating to this study.

Effectiveness of CT-guided epidural infiltration of steroids and local anesthetics for acute and chronic herpes zoster neuralgia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and complication rate of computed tomography (CT)-guided epidural injection of steroids and local anesthetics for pain relief in patients with neuralgia due to acute or chronic herpes zoster (HZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted from April 2017 to February 2019 including patients with HZ neuralgia (HZN) at any stage (acute or chronic, the latter being defined as pain lasting more than 3 months and also called post herpetic neuralgia [PHN]). The sensory ganglion of the affected dermatome and/or the affected sensory nerve was targeted under CT-guidance and local injection of a mixture of two vials of methylprednisolone 40mg/mL and 2mL of Lidocaine 1% was performed. Using a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0 to 10), pain was assessed prior to the procedure, and at day 7, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Adverse effects were graded according to the Society of Interventional Radiology classification. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included. There were 9 men and 11 women with a mean age of 67±13.9 (SD) years (range: 27-83 years). Of these, 14 patients had acute HZN and 6 had PHN. Mean VAS at baseline was 8.1±1.2 (SD) (range: 6-10) with significant decrease (P<0.0001) at day 7 (3.4±3.2 [SD]; range: 0-10), day 30 (3.4±3.2 [SD]; range: 0-9), day 90 (2.9±3.2 [SD]; range: 0-9), and day 180 (2.5±3.1 [SD]; range: 0-9). Infiltrations were significantly more effective on acute HZN than on PHN (P<0.001) and required significantly fewer infiltrations for pain relef (P=0.002). Only one grade A adverse event was reported. CONCLUSION: Epidural injection of a mixture of steroids and local anesthetics under CT-guidance is effective on HZN with a persisting effect over 6 months.

Emergency Computed Tomography: How Misinterpretations Vary According to the Periods of the Nightshift?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of initial computed tomography (CT) interpretations made by radiology residents during nightshifts in the emergency department. METHODS: Preliminary CT reports performed by radiology residents during 120 consecutive nightshifts (08:30 pm to 08:30 am) were reviewed, attendings' final interpretation being the reference standard. Nightshifts were divided into four consecutive periods of 3 hours. Major misinterpretations were related to potentially life-threatening conditions if not treated immediately after CT. The rate of misinterpretations was calculated for all CT examinations, separately for nightshift's periods and for residents' training years. RESULTS: Misinterpretations were recorded in 155 (7.4%) of 2102 CT examinations, 0.6% (13/2102) were major. There were 2.2% (4/186) major misinterpretations that occurred during the last period of the nightshift versus 0.4% (9/1916) during the first periods of the night (P < 0.05). Of all misinterpretations, 8.5% (130/1526) were made by third- and fourth-year residents and 4.3% (25/576) by fifth-year residents (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Major misinterpretations occur at the end of the nightshift, which may be explained by the fatigue effect. The rate of misinterpretations is lower among fifth-year residents, which may be related to their prior experience in reading emergency cases.

Efficacy of Chest CT for COVID-19 Pneumonia Diagnosis in France.

Background The role and performance of chest CT in the diagnosis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains under active investigation. Purpose To evaluate the French national experience using chest CT for COVID-19, results of chest CT and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were compared together and with the final discharge diagnosis used as the reference standard. Materials and Methods A structured CT scan survey (NCT04339686) was sent to 26 hospital radiology departments in France between March 2, 2020, and April 24, 2020. These dates correspond to the peak of the national COVID-19 epidemic. Radiology departments were selected to reflect the estimated geographic prevalence heterogeneities of the epidemic. All symptomatic patients suspected of having COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent both initial chest CT and at least one RT-PCR test within 48 hours were included. The final discharge diagnosis, based on multiparametric items, was recorded. Data for each center were prospectively collected and gathered each week. Test efficacy was determined by using the Mann-Whitney test, Student t test, χ2 test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. P < .05 indicated a significant difference. Results Twenty-six of 26 hospital radiology departments responded to the survey, with 7500 patients entered; 2652 did not have RT-PCR test results or had unknown or excess delay between the RT-PCR test and CT. After exclusions, 4824 patients (mean age, 64 years ± 19 [standard deviation], 2669 male) were included. With final diagnosis as the reference, 2564 of the 4824 patients had COVID-19 (53%). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19 were 2319 of 2564 (90%; 95% CI: 89, 91), 2056 of 2260 (91%; 95% CI: 91, 92), 2056 of 2300 (89%; 95% CI: 87, 90), and 2319 of 2524 (92%; 95% CI: 91, 93), respectively. There was no significant difference for chest CT efficacy among the 26 geographically separate sites, each with varying amounts of disease prevalence. Conclusion Use of chest CT for the initial diagnosis and triage of patients suspected of having coronavirus disease 2019 was successful. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

COVID-19 impact assessment on the French radiological centers: a nationwide survey.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of the COVID-19 on the CT activities in French radiological centers during the epidemic peak. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective CT scan survey was conducted between March 16 and April 12, 2020, in accordance with the local IRB. Seven hundred nine radiology centers were invited to participate in a weekly online survey. Numbers of CT examinations related to COVID-19 including at least chest (CTcovid) and whole chest CT scan activities (CTchest) were recorded each week. A sub-analysis on French departments was performed during the 4 weeks of the study. The impact of the number of RT-PCRs (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions) on the CT workflow was tested using two-sample t test and Pearson's test. RESULTS: Five hundred seventy-seven structures finally registered (78%) with mean response numbers of 336 ± 18.9 (323; 351). Mean CTchest activity per radiologic structure ranged from 75.8 ± 133 (0-1444) on week 12 to 99.3 ± 138.6 (0-1147) on week 13. Mean ratio of CTcovid on CTchest varied from 0.36 to 0.59 on week 12 and week 14 respectively. There was a significant relationship between the number of RT-PCR performed and the number of CTcovid (r = 0.73, p = 3.10-16) but no link with the number of positive RT-PCR results. CONCLUSION: In case of local high density COVID-19, CT workflow is strongly modified and redirected to the management of these specific patients. KEY POINTS: • Over the 4-week survey period, 117,686 chest CT (CTtotal) were performed among the responding centers, including 61,784 (52%) CT performed for COVID-19 (CTcovid). • Across the country, the ratio CTcovid/CTtotal varied from 0.36 to 0.59 and depended significantly on the local epidemic density (p = 0.003). • In clinical practice, in a context of growing epidemic, in France, chest CT was used as a surrogate to RT-PCR for patient triage.

Portal phase alone is equivalent to multiphasic phase for CT diagnosis of acute non-traumatic pains in an emergency context.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate radiological diagnosis concordance between a simplified and a multiphasic computed tomography (MCT) protocol for patients presenting acute non-traumatic abdominal pains (ANTAE). METHODS: During five consecutive months, all patients admitted in an emergency department for ANTAE were retrospectively included if they underwent MCT, including at least pre-contrast phase, late arterial phase (LAP), and portal venous phase (PVP). Clinical cases of suspected hemorrhagic conditions were secondarily excluded. For the study, two image sets, pre-contrast phase + LAP + PVP ± late phase called S1 and PVP alone called S2, were reviewed independently to give the most appropriate diagnosis with 5-point confidence scale. Diagnosis concordance and radiation dose were compared for each set of protocol by chi-square test. Linear mixed model was used to assess changes of diagnostic confidence and radiation dose. RESULTS: All in all, 196 patients were included. The kappa coefficient between S1 and S2 was excellent (98.5%, CI95% 95.6-99.7). Three errors due to an inappropriate protocol were observed (1.5%; CI95% = - 0.2 to 3.2%), 2 related to biliary tract obstruction causes and one due to gastric bleeding not suspected on clinical data. S2 was associated with a 61% decrease of the radiation dose (p = 0.01) with a mild decrease of the confidence scale (4.54 ± 0.05 versus 4.74 ± 0.03, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Using PVP-CT alone or MCT is equivalent for the diagnosis of ANTAE if suspected acute hemorrhages are excluded. A simplified CT protocol is associated with a dose decrease of 61%.

Comparative evaluation of minimally invasive 'tibial tuberoplasty' surgical technique versus conventional open surgery for Schatzker II-III tibial plateau fractures: design of a multicentre, randomised, controlled and blinded trial (TUBERIMPACT study).

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the tibial plateau are in constant progression. They affect an elderly population suffering from a number of comorbidities, but also a young population increasingly practicing high-risk sports. The conventional open surgical technique used for tibial plateau fractures has several pitfalls: bone and skin devascularisation, increased risks of infection and functional rehabilitation difficulties. Since 2011, Poitiers University Hospital is offering to its patients a new minimally invasive technique for the reduction and stabilisation of tibial plateau fractures, named 'tibial tuberoplasty'. This technique involves expansion of the tibial plateau through inflation using a kyphoplasty balloon, filling of the fracture cavity with cement and percutaneous screw fixation. We designed a study to evaluate the quality of fracture reduction offered by percutaneous tuberoplasty versus conventional open surgery for tibial plateau fracture and its impact on clinical outcome. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing two surgical techniques in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures. 140 patients with a Schatzker II or III tibial plateau fracture will be recruited in France. They will be randomised either in tibial tuberoplasty arm or in conventional surgery arm. The primary outcome is the postoperative radiological step-off reduction blindly measured on CT scan (within 48 hours post-op). Additional outcomes include other radiological endpoints, pain, functional abilities, quality of life assessment and health-economic endpoints. Outcomes assessment will be performed at baseline (before surgery), at day 0 (surgery), at 2, 21, 45 days, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postsurgery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the ethics committee Ile-De-France X and will be conducted in accordance with current Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines, Declaration of Helsinki and standard operating procedures. The results will be disseminated through presentation at scientific conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Clinicaltrial.gov:NCT03444779.

1 H-31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: effect of biotin in multiple sclerosis.

Biotin is thought to improve functional impairment in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) by upregulating bioenergetic metabolism. We enrolled 19 patients suffering from progressive MS (5 primary and 14 secondary Progressive-MS). Using cerebral multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MMRS) and clinical evaluation before and after 6 months of biotin cure, we showed significant modifications of: PME/PDE, ATP, and lactate resonances; an improvement of EDSS Neuroscore. Our results are consistent with metabolic pathways concerned with biotin action and could suggest the usefulness of MMRS for monitoring.

Evaluation of hepatic iron concentration heterogeneities using the MRI R2* mapping method.

OBJECTIVE: To measure hepatic iron concentration (HIC) heterogeneities using a magnetic resonance R2* mapping method. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-four patients with suspected hepatic iron overload and 10 volunteers were included prospectively. A multi-echo R2* sequence with fat saturation and with three post-processing fitting methods (a single exponential decay model with or without truncation, SED and SEDt, and a constant offset model, COS) was compared to a signal intensity ratio method (SIR), considered as the reference. HIC heterogeneity was evaluated from R2* mapping after placing a ROI on each liver segment. RESULTS: A strong linear correlation between SIR and R2* methods using the SEDt and COS models was observed (r = 0.973 and 0.955, respectively). Volunteers and patient liver variabilities, quantified by mean intra-liver standard deviation (SD) were 1.58 µmol/g (mean range 5.06 µmol/g) and 4.73 µmol/g (mean range 19.08 µmol/g), respectively. For the patient group, the highest HIC was observed in the IVth segment. Heterogeneity increased for patients with an HIC > 60 µmol/g (mean intra-liver SD = 13.90 µmol/g; mean range = 50.60 µmol/g). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate in vivo HIC heterogeneities using whole-liver mapping analysis. These preliminary results require confirmation through further studies, but might be useful in cases of single ROI analysis.

Femoral head subchondral impaction on CT: what does it mean in patients with acetabular fracture?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of isolated femoral head impactions associated with acetabular fractures and to assess whether impactions may be predictive of the development of delayed major complications requiring total hip arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 128 consecutive adult patients with acetabular fracture and no femoral head fracture were included. Admission CTs were re-interpreted for the presence of hip dislocation and femoral head impactions. Radiological and clinical reports were reviewed in patients in whom conservative management of the femoral head was attempted, to determine if total hip arthroplasty was eventually required over a 48-month follow-up period. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess whether impaction is an independent predictor of failure of conservative management. RESULTS: Impaction was found in 40% of all patients (51 out of 128), in 58% of those with dislocation (19 out of 33), and in 34% of those without dislocation (32 out of 95; p < 0.05). One hundred and five patients underwent conservative management of the femoral head; 12.5% of them (13 out of 105) eventually required total hip arthroplasty. An impaction was present in 77% of the latter (10 out of 13) and in 33% of patients with successful conservative management (30 out of 92; p = 0.0042). At multivariate analysis, impaction and dislocation were significantly and independently associated with a higher risk for delayed total hip arthroplasty (odds ratio of 4.8 and 4.0 respectively). CONCLUSION: Femoral head impactions are frequently seen on CT of patients with acetabular fractures; they are independent predictive factors for the need for delayed total hip arthroplasty. They should be systematically mentioned in the CT report.

Irreversible Electroporation for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Where Do We Stand in 2017?

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a very poor prognosis. Complete surgical resection remains the only current curative treatment. Locally advanced pancreatic cancers are considered as unresectable because of involvement of celiac and/or mesenteric vessels. Irreversible electroporation has recently been introduced to induce permanent cell death by apoptosis. Irreversible electroporation is a nonthermal cell-destruction technique that was claimed to allow destruction of cancerous cells with less damage to surrounding supporting connective tissues with collagenic structure (such as nearby blood vessels, biliary ducts, and nerves) than other types of treatment. Applications on pancreatic adenocarcinoma seem promising, and this article is an up-to-date review of the first results.