[Integrated Care Protocol: Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus 2]. / Protocolo de Atención Integral: complicaciones crónicas de diabetes mellitus 2.

BACKGROUND: According to the International Diabetes Federation, 18% of Mexican adults live with diabetes and it is expected that by 2030 it will occupy the seventh place in the world in number of cases. In the population covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security, diabetes is the second cause of mortality, years lost due to premature death, years lived with disability and years of healthy life lost, placing it as one of the costliest diseases. OBJECTIVE: Address in a timely and integrated manner chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, by implementing coordinated actions by multidisciplinary health team in the 3 levels of care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The process of developing the Integrated Care Protocols consisted of: 1) Prioritization of the health problem, 2) Formation of an interdisciplinary working group, 3) Development of content and systematic search for information 4) Analysis, review and discussion of interventions, 5) Review and validation by regulatory areas, 6) Dissemination and implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate glycemic control, blood pressure, lipids and a healthy lifestyle are the key to delaying the presence of micro and macrovascular complications of DM2. However, the progression of the disease will eventually be inevitable, it will confront the health personnel and the patient with some of the complications. In this sense, timely detection and treatment to delay them becomes the main function of the health worker.

INTRODUCCIÓN: de acuerdo con la Federación Internacional de Diabetes, en México el 18% de los adultos viven con diabetes, y se espera que para el 2030 ocupe el séptimo lugar mundial en número de casos. En la población cubierta por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, la diabetes es la segunda causa de mortalidad, así como de años perdidos por muerte prematura, de años vividos con discapacidad y de años de vida saludable perdidos, colocándola como una de las enfermedades más costosas. OBJETIVO: atender de manera oportuna e integral las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), mediante la implementación articulada de las acciones a cargo de equipo multidisciplinario de salud en los tres niveles de atención. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el proceso de desarrollo de los Protocolos de Atención Integral consistió en: 1) Priorización del problema de salud, 2) Conformación de grupo de trabajo interdisciplinario, 3) Desarrollo del contenido y búsqueda sistemática de información 4) Análisis, revisión y discusión de las intervenciones, 5) Revisión y validación por las áreas normativas y 6) Difusión e implementación. CONCLUSIONES: el adecuado control glucémico, del presión arterial y lípidos, así como un estilo de vida saludable son la clave para retrasar la presencia de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares de la DM2. Sin embargo, la progresión de la enfermedad eventualmente será inevitable, enfrentará al personal de salud y al paciente a alguna de las complicaciones. En este sentido, la detección oportuna y el tratamiento para retrasarlas se convierte en la principal función del trabajador de la salud.

Envejecimiento exitoso. Una visión entre médicos / Successful aging. A view among physicians

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: Los factores ambientales, educativos, sociales y de salud deben ser óptimos para que se logre un envejecimiento exitoso. OBJETIVO: Determinar las características involucradas en el proceso de envejecimiento exitoso en un grupo de internistas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal comparativo a través de una encuesta a médicos internistas en el Congreso Nacional del Colegio de Medicina Interna 2016. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 33 preguntas que evaluó factores sociodemográficos, de salud, alimentación, convivencia, economía y espiritualidad. El análisis descriptivo incluyó frecuencias y porcentajes, el análisis bivariado se realizó con X2, un valor de p < 0.05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 282 cuestionarios, la edad media de los participantes fue de 42.7 ± 12.8 años, 161 (57%) fueron hombres. El autorreporte de regular estado de salud fue de 38%, con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas (61%), tabaquismo (8%), consumo de alcohol (24%), sedentarismo (64%). En el aspecto nutricional el consumo en buena proporción de frutas y verduras fue de 41%, de proteínas 68% y de líquidos cercana a 50%. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesaria la capacitación en áreas preventivas de la salud, económicas y sociales, así como investigar factores relevantes que pueden repercutir en un futuro en el envejecimiento del grupo poblacional de este estudio.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The environmental, educational, social and health factors must be optimal for successful aging. OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics involved in the process of successful aging in a group of medical specialists in Internal Medicine. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out through a survey of internists in the National Congress of the College of Internal Medicine 2016. A questionnaire was applied of 33 questions to evaluate socio-demographic factors, health, nutrition, coexistence, economy and spirituality. The descriptive analysis included frequencies and percentages; the bivariate analysis was performed with X2, considering a value of p < 0.05 statistically significant. RESULTS: We analyzed 282 questionnaires, the average age of the participants was 42.7 ± 12.8 years, 161 (57%) were men. The self-report of regular health status was 38%, with chronic-degenerative diseases 61%, smoking in 8% and alcohol consumption 24% and sedentary lifestyle in 64%. Concerning the nutritional aspects the consumption in adequate proportion of fruits and vegetables was 41%, protein 68% and close to 50% in the case of water. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for training in preventive health, economic and social areas, as well as for investigating relevant factors that may impact in the future on the aging of the population group of this study.

Borrelia burgdorferi as a risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of Borrelia burgdorferi infection with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHODS: Case-control study. Patients older than 60 years, both sexes, were included. Three groups were created: with probable Alzheimer's disease cases with NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, MCI cases in those not meeting NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for dementia, but who had an abnormal cognitive evaluation and independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), cognitively healthy controls were diagnosed with normal cognitive evaluation and independence in IADL were identified in the community. Western blot IgG against B. burgdorferi in serum was done in all the participants. Non-conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate the association of Alzheimer's disease or MCI and seropositive to B. burgdorferi. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients with Alzheimer's disease, mean age of 75.6 ± 3.4 years, 69% were females, education 8.3 ± 4.8 years. 39 patients with MCI, mean age of 72.2 ± 6.8 years, 85% were females, education 11.2 ± 4.2 years. A total of 11/38 (29%) were positive to B. burgdorferi with Alzheimer's disease, 9/39 (23%) with MCI, and 11/108 (10%) of controls. In patients with Alzheimer's disease, an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.65 (95% CI 1.2-11.1) adjusted for education and a history of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was estimated, and in patients with MCI an aOR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-9.1) for a history of diabetes mellitus and CVD was estimated. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, there was an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and MCI in seropositive IgG patients to B. burgdorferi.

Valoración preoperatoria del adulto mayor / Preoperative evaluation of the elderly

Resumen El envejecimiento de la población ha generado la necesidad de adecuar la valoración preoperatoria para el grupo de los adultos mayores, ya que además de las alteraciones fisiológicas consecuencia del envejecimiento, se añade la elevada comorbilidad y la presencia de síndromes geriátricos que deben considerarse para la estimación del riesgo quirúrgico, con el objetivo de disminuir complicaciones postoperatorias y favorecer la reintegración a su medio social en el menor tiempo posible y con el mayor grado de independencia. La valoración preoperatoria identificará en la anamnesis todas las comorbilidades y síndromes geriátricos que pueden impactar en el periodo perioperatorio. Deben solicitarse los estudios de laboratorio y gabinete indispensables para medir la severidad de enfermedades conocidas o establecer un nivel basal prequirúrgico, y de ninguna manera la edad justifica indicar pruebas extensas. Como en el adulto joven, la enfermedad cardiovascular es la comorbilidad más prevalente y es primordial su adecuada cuantificación. Un punto importante a determinar es el riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia renal aguda y se debe enfatizar en las medidas preventivas para limitar esta complicación. Una condición asociada a la enfermedad cardiovascular es el uso de antiagregantes plaquetarios o anticoagulantes orales cuyo empleo no debe retrasar los procedimientos quirúrgicos, por lo que su correcto empleo mejorará el desenlace posoperatorio. Finalmente, el riesgo geriátrico debe orientarse a una adecuada evaluación nutricional para la instauración temprana de alimentación adecuada. Debemos determinar el estado basal de la funcionalidad para el inicio de rehabilitación temprana. La evaluación neuropsicológica debe incluir la identificación de factores de riesgo para delirium, presencia de depresión, deterioro cognitivo y alteraciones en el patrón de sueño. También es primordial identificar al adulto mayor con fragilidad, así como evaluar y limitar la polifarmacia.

Abstract The aging population has generated the need to adequate the preoperative evaluation for this population group. In the older adult, in addition to the physiological alterations resulting from aging, the high comorbidity and the presence of geriatric syndromes were added. These should be considered for the estimation of surgical risk in order to reduce postoperative complications and help in the reintegration to their social environment in the shortest time possible and with the highest degree of independence. The preoperative assessment should identify in the anamnesis all the comorbidities and geriatric syndromes that could impact the perioperative period. Only indispensable laboratory and cabinet studies should be requested to measure the severity of known diseases or establish a pre-surgical baseline level and in no way does age justify extensive tests. As in young adults, the cardiovascular disease has the most prevalent comorbidity and its adequate quantification is essential.. An important aspect is to determine the risk of developing an acute renal failure, and the preventive measures should be emphasized to limit this complication. A condition associated with cardiovascular diseases is the use of antiplatelet agents or oral anticoagulants. This condition should not delay the surgical procedures. Therefore, their adequate correction should improve the postoperative outcome. Finally, the geriatric risk should be oriented to an adequate nutritional evaluation for an early implementation of adequate food consumption. We must determine the baseline state of the functionality to initiate an early rehabilitation. Neuropsychological assessment should include the identification of risk factors for delirium, depression, cognitive impairment and alterations of the sleep pattern. It is essential to identify fragility in the elderly, to evaluate and limit polypharmacy.

[Risk factors associated with postoperative acute renal failure in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a insuficiencia renal aguda postoperatoria en pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de cirugía cardiaca que requirieron de circulación extracorpórea.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a complication associated with cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with an impact on morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with postoperative IRA according to pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease scale in children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A nested case-control study was conducted. We included children under 16 years of age attended postoperative for CBP in a pediatric intensive care unit over a period of 18 months. The cases were those who developed ARF according to the classification pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease scale during their stay in the pediatric intensive care unit. Controls were those who did not develop this complication. Logistic regression analysis was performed and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals at 95% (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 91 patients (31 cases and 60 controls) with a median age of 20 months and predominance of males (53.8%) were analyzed. Independent risk factors for ARF were the intraoperative lactate level > 6 mmol/l (OR = 4.91; 95% CI 1.26-19.05; p = .02) and cyanotic heart disease (OR = 3.62; 95% CI 1.11-11.63; p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that pediatric patients with lactate levels >6 mmol/l during CPB and those with cyanotic congenital heart disease are a subgroup of high risk to develop ARF after heart surgery and should be closely monitored to prevent, detect and/or treat this complication timely manner.

Factores de riesgo asociados a insuficiencia renal aguda postoperatoria en pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de cirugía cardiaca que requirieron de circulación extracorpórea / Risk factors associated with postoperative acute renal failure in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) es una complicación asociada a la cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea (CEC) con impacto en la morbimortalidad. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a IRA posquirúrgica de acuerdo a la escala pRIFLE (pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease) en niños intervenidos de cirugía cardiaca con CEC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles anidados en una cohorte. Se incluyó a pacientes menores a 16 años de edad que ingresaron en una unidad de terapia intensiva pediátrica posterior a cirugía cardiaca con CEC en un período de 18 meses. Los casos fueron quienes desarrollaron IRA de acuerdo a la clasificación pRIFLE durante su estancia en la unidad de terapia intensiva. Los controles fueron aquellos que no desarrollaron esta complicación. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística y se calcularon odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 91 pacientes (31 casos y 60 controles) con una mediana de edad de 20 meses y predominio del sexo masculino (53,8%). Los factores de riesgo independientes para IRA fueron la hiperlactatemia transoperatoria > 6 mmol/l (OR = 4,91; IC 95%:1,26-19,05; p = 0,02) y las cardiopatías cianógenas (OR = 3,62; IC 95%:1,11-11,63; p = 0,03). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio permitió identificar que los pacientes pediátricos con niveles de lactato > 6 mmol/l durante la CEC y aquellos con cardiopatías congénitas cianógenas son un subgrupo de alto riesgo para desarrollar IRA tras cirugía cardiaca y deben vigilarse estrechamente para prevenir, detectar y/o tratar de forma oportuna dicha complicación.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a complication associated with cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with an impact on morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with postoperative IRA according to pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease scale in children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A nested case-control study was conducted. We included children under 16 years of age attended postoperative for CBP in a pediatric intensive care unit over a period of 18 months. The cases were those who developed ARF according to the classification pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease scale during their stay in the pediatric intensive care unit. Controls were those who did not develop this complication. Logistic regression analysis was performed and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals at 95% (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 91 patients (31 cases and 60 controls) with a median age of 20 months and predominance of males (53.8%) were analyzed. Independent risk factors for ARF were the intraoperative lactate level > 6 mmol/l (OR = 4.91; 95% CI 1.26-19.05; p = .02) and cyanotic heart disease (OR = 3.62; 95% CI 1.11-11.63; p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified that pediatric patients with lactate levels >6 mmol/l during CPB and those with cyanotic congenital heart disease are a subgroup of high risk to develop ARF after heart surgery and should be closely monitored to prevent, detect and/or treat this complication timely manner.

[Clinical features of patients with influenza-like illness who went to a third level center in the winter of 2013-2014]. / Características clínicas de pacientes que acudieron por enfermedad tipo influenza a un centro de tercer nivel en el invierno de 2013-2014.

BACKGROUND: Between October 2013 and April 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported a high incidence of AH1N1 influenza cases. Not all suspicious cases of influenza are confirmed; however, all patients need treatment and generate additional costs to the institutions. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of the patients treated for influenza suspicion at Hospital de Especialidades in Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI during a new epidemic. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of all cases admitted at the Emergency Service (of the aforementioned hospital) for influenza-like illness, defined according to current guidelines. Based on these guidelines, we analyzed the risk factors that may have increased the severity of the infection. RESULTS: We registered a total of 109 patients with a mean age of 44 years, 78 % were under 60 years of age, 62 % were women, 75 % had at least one comorbidity, such as obesity (26 %) or hypertension (27 %). Only 65 patients had results from a confirmatory test, 33.8 % had positive diagnosis, and 21 % of them eventually died. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of confirmed cases for influenza infection is low. The risk factors associated with complications and increased mortality are hypertension, leukocytosis and clinical presentation of severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Introducción: el Centro para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC, por sus siglas en inglés) registró, entre octubre de 2013 y abril de 2014, el pico más alto de casos relacionados con la influenza AH1N1. No todos los casos sospechosos de influenza resultan positivos, pero todos les generan costos a las instituciones. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las características de la población que acude con sospecha de influenza al Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI durante una nueva epidemia. Métodos: estudio transversal de casos admitidos al servicio de Urgencias del hospital mencionado por sospecha de influenza de acuerdo con las guías de práctica clínica. Con base en estas se analizaron los factores asociados a la severidad de la infección. Resultados: se registraron 109 pacientes con promedio de 44 años edad; el 78 % de ellos tenía menos de 60 años; el 62 % fueron mujeres; 75 % tenía por lo menos un factor de riesgo como obesidad (26 %) o hipertensión (27 %). Solo 65 pacientes tuvieron prueba confirmatoria, 33.8 % fueron diagnóstico positivo y 21 % de ellos fallecieron. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de casos confirmados de influenza es baja. Los factores asociados a mortalidad en los casos confirmados son la presencia de hipertensión, de leucocitosis y la presentación clínica de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG).