Non-nutritive sweetened beverages versus water after a 52-week weight management programme: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Sugar-sweetened beverages are a substantial source of dietary sugar that can contribute to weight gain and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Dietary guidelines recommend non-nutritive sweetened (NNS) beverages to reduce sugar consumption, however, there is a need for long-term randomised controlled trials on their use. We aimed to compare the effects of NNS beverages and water on body weight during weight loss and maintenance in a behavioural weight management programme. METHODS: In this parallel-group, open-label, controlled equivalence trial, adults with a BMI of 27-35 kg/m2 who regularly consumed cold beverages were randomised 1:1 to water or NNS beverages. Participants underwent a group behavioural weight management programme comprising weekly (during the 12-week weight-loss phase) then monthly (during the 40-week weight-maintenance phase) meetings. The primary endpoint was weight change at week 52 (equivalence: two-sided P > 0.05). Secondary endpoints included changes in anthropometrics, cardiometabolic risk factors, appetite and activity levels. RESULTS: Of 493 participants randomised (water: n = 246; NNS beverages: n = 247), 24.1% were NNS-naïve. At week 52, water and NNS beverages were non-equivalent, with significantly greater weight loss in the NNS beverages group. Participants consuming water maintained a weight loss of 6.1 kg over 52 weeks versus 7.5 kg with NNS beverages (difference [90% CI]: 1.4 kg [-2.6, -0.2]; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: During a 52-week behavioural weight management programme, water and NNS beverages were non-equivalent, with weight loss maintained to a statistically greater extent with NNS beverages compared with water. However, this difference was not clinically significant. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02591134.

Effects of non-nutritive sweetened beverages versus water after a 12-week weight-loss program: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare non-nutritive sweetened (NNS) beverages versus water for weight loss after a 12-week behavioral weight-management program. METHODS: This is an ongoing, 2-year, parallel-group, open-label, controlled equivalence trial; week-12 data are reported. Adults with BMI of 27 to 35 kg/m2 who regularly drank cold beverages were randomized 1:1 to intention-to-treat water or NNS beverages while undergoing a weekly 12-week group behavioral weight-management program. Weight change to week 12 was the primary end point (equivalence: two-sided p > 0.05); changes in waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, glycemic control markers, fasting lipid profiles, liver function tests, hunger (visual analog scale), sugar and sweetener consumption, and activity levels were secondary end points. RESULTS: Overall, 493 participants were randomized (water: n = 246; NNS beverages: n = 247); 24.1% were NNS beverage naïve. Weight change was equivalent with water versus NNS beverages (-5.6 vs. -5.8 kg; difference [90% CI]: -0.2 kg [-0.7 to 0.4]). There were no significant differences between groups for secondary end points except reductions in waist circumference (greater with NNS beverages vs. water), glycated hemoglobin, and consumption of any type of sweetener (both greater with water vs. NNS beverages). CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss was equivalent with NNS beverages and water following a 12-week behavioral weight-management program.

Characterization of childhood trauma, hippocampal mediation and Cannabis use in a large dataset of psychosis and non-psychosis individuals.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis use (CA) and childhood trauma (CT) independently increase the risk of earlier psychosis onset; but their interaction in relation to psychosis risk and association with endocannabinoid-receptor rich brain regions, i.e. the hippocampus (HP), remains unclear. The objective was to determine whether lower age of psychosis onset (AgePsyOnset) is associated with CA and CT through mediation by the HP volumes, and genetic risk, as measured by schizophrenia polygene scores (SZ-PGRS). METHODS: Cross-sectional, case-control, multicenter sample from 5 metropolitan US regions. Participants (n = 1185) included 397 controls not affected by psychosis (HC); 209 participants with bipolar disorder type-1; 279 with schizoaffective disorder; and 300 with schizophrenia (DSM IV-TR). CT was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ); CA was assessed by self-reports and trained clinical interviewers. Assessment included neuroimaging, symptomatology, cognition and calculation of the SZ polygenic risk score (SZ-PGRS). RESULTS: In survival analysis, CT and CA exposure interact to be associated with lower AgePsyOnset. At high CT or CA, CT or CA are individually sufficient to affect AgePsyOnset. CT relation with AgePsyOnset is mediated in part by the HP in CA users before AgePsyOnset. CA before AgePsyOnset is associated with higher SZ-PGRS and correlated with younger age at CA usage. DISCUSSION: CA and CT interact to increase risk when moderate; while severe CT and/or CA abuse/dependence are each sufficient to affect AgePsyOnset, indicating a ceiling effect. Probands with/out CA before AgePsyOnset differ on biological variables, suggesting divergent pathways to psychosis. FUNDING: MH077945; MH096942; MH096913; MH077862; MH103368; MH096900; MH122759.

Virtue signalling and the Condorcet Jury theorem.

One might think that if the majority of virtue signallers judge that a proposition is true, then there is significant evidence for the truth of that proposition. Given the Condorcet Jury Theorem, individual virtue signallers need not be very reliable for the majority judgment to be very likely to be correct. Thus, even people who are skeptical of the judgments of individual virtue signallers should think that if a majority of them judge that a proposition is true, then that provides significant evidence that the proposition is true. We argue that this is mistaken. Various empirical studies converge on the following point: humans are very conformist in the contexts in which virtue signalling occurs. And stereotypical virtue signallers are even more conformist in such contexts. So we should be skeptical of the claim that virtue signallers are sufficiently independent for the Condorcet Jury Theorem to apply. We do not seek to decisively rule out the relevant application of the Condorcet Jury Theorem. But we do show that careful consideration of the available evidence should make us very skeptical of that application. Consequently, a defense of virtue signalling would need to engage with these findings and show that despite our strong tendencies for conformism, our judgements are sufficiently independent for the Condorcet Jury Theorem to apply. This suggests new directions for the debate about the epistemology of virtue signalling.

Accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of post-concussion symptoms due to mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility, tolerability, and efficacy of twice-daily, low frequency (LF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the reduction of chronic post-concussion symptoms (PCS) in patients who have suffered a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Methods: 15 patients with mTBI received 30 sessions of twice-daily LF rTMS (1 Hz) over the right DLPFC. Post-concussion symptoms, pain, disability, fatigue, apathy, agitation, and mood were assessed by a psychiatrist pre- and post-treatment. Cognitive testing was also performed pre-, mid-, and post-rTMS.Results: All participants completed treatment with no serious adverse events. Significant improvements were observed in overall post-concussion symptoms, disability and pain ratings, as well as depression and anxiety symptoms. There was no significant change in overall executive functioning, fatigue severity, apathy, or agitation. Cognitive testing revealed improvements in verbal fluency, working memory, selective attention, and cognitive processing speed.Conclusions: This small-sample pilot study suggests that twice-daily, LF rTMS over the right DLPFC can be safely and tolerably applied and has the potential to improve post-concussion symptoms as well as elements of mood and cognition in patients with mTBI. Larger, sham-controlled studies will be important to confirm these observations.

Effects of Intranasal Epinephrine on Cerebrospinal Fluid Epinephrine Pharmacokinetics, Nasal Mucosa, Plasma Epinephrine Pharmacokinetics, and Cardiovascular Changes.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess intranasal (IN) epinephrine effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption, nasal mucosa quality, plasma epinephrine pharmacokinetics (PK), and cardiovascular changes in dogs. METHODS: CSF epinephrine concentration was measured and nasal mucosa quality was evaluated after IN epinephrine 4 mg and one or two 4 mg doses (21 min apart), respectively. Maximum plasma concentration [Cmax], time to Cmax [Tmax], area under the curve from 0 to 120 min [AUC0-120], and cardiovascular effects were evaluated after epinephrine IN (4 and 5 mg) and intramuscular (IM; 0.3 mg). Clinical observations were assessed. RESULTS: After epinephrine IN, there were no changes in CSF epinephrine or nasal mucosa. Cmax, Tmax, and AUC1-120 were similar following epinephrine IN and IM. Epinephrine IN versus IM increased plasma epinephrine at 1 min (mean ± SEM, 1.15 ± 0.48 for 4 mg IN and 1.7 ± 0.72 for 5 mg IN versus 0.47 ± 0.11 ng/mL for 0.3 mg IM). Epinephrine IN and IM produced similar heart rate and ECG results. Clinical observations included salivation and vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: Epinephrine IN did not alter CSF epinephrine or nasal tissue and had similar cardiovascular effects as epinephrine IM. Epinephrine IN rapidly increased plasma epinephrine concentration versus epinephrine IM.

Intranasal epinephrine in dogs: Pharmacokinetic and heart rate effects.

Epinephrine is the standard of care for the treatment of severe allergy and anaphylaxis. Epinephrine is most often administered through the intramuscular (IM) route via autoinjector. The current study aimed to evaluate an alternative method of epinephrine treatment through intranasal (IN) delivery in dogs. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 90 minutes (AUC0-90 ) were observed after IN epinephrine (2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20 mg) and IM epinephrine via autoinjector (0.15 and 0.3 mg) for 90 minutes. Heart rate effects were measured after IN (2 and 5 mg) and IM (0.15 and 0.3 mg) epinephrine administration. IN epinephrine (5 mg) demonstrated significantly greater plasma epinephrine concentration at 1 minute as compared with IM epinephrine (0.3 mg) (1.68 ± 0.65 ng/mL vs 0.21 ± 0.08 ng/mL, P = .03). There were no significant differences in Cmax , Tmax , and AUC0-90 between 2-mg IN and 0.15-mg IM epinephrine or between 5-mg IN and 0.3-mg IM epinephrine. IN epinephrine reduced heart rate increases, as compared to IM epinephrine. IN and IM epinephrine were both well-tolerated. Overall, IN epinephrine demonstrated advantages over IM epinephrine, including the rapid increase in plasma epinephrine and lack of increased heart rate over time.

Intranasal epinephrine effects on epinephrine pharmacokinetics and heart rate in a nasal congestion canine model.

BACKGROUND: Histamine release and vasodilation during an allergic reaction can alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs administered via the intranasal (IN) route. The current study evaluated the effects of histamine-induced nasal congestion on epinephrine pharmacokinetics and heart rate changes after IN epinephrine. METHODS: Dogs received 5% histamine or saline IN followed by 4 mg epinephrine IN. Nasal restriction pressure, epinephrine concentration, and heart rate were assessed. Maximum concentration (Cmax), area under plasma concentration-time curve from 1 to 90 min (AUC1-90), and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were measured. Clinical observations were documented. RESULTS: In the 12 dogs in this study, nasal congestion occurred at 5-10 min after IN histamine administration versus no nasal congestion after IN saline. After administration of IN epinephrine, IN histamine-mediated nasal congestion was significantly reduced to baseline levels at 60, 80, and 100 min. There were no significant differences in Cmax and AUC1-90 between histamine and saline groups after IN epinephrine delivery (3.5 vs 1.7 ng/mL, p = 0.06, and 117 vs 59 ng/mL*minutes, p = 0.09, respectively). After receiving IN epinephrine, the histamine group had a significantly lower Tmax versus the saline group (6 vs 70 min, respectively; p = 0.02). Following IN epinephrine administration, the histamine group showed rapidly increased heart rate at 5 min, while there was a delayed increase in heart rate (occurring 30-60 min after administration) in the saline group. Clinical observations included salivation and emesis. CONCLUSION: IN histamine led to more rapid epinephrine absorption and immediately increased heart rate compared with IN saline. IN epinephrine decreased histamine-induced nasal congestion.

Expression of estrus before fixed-time AI affects conception rates and factors that impact expression of estrus and the repeatability of expression of estrus in sequential breeding seasons.

Expression of estrus after PG and before fixed-time AI has been reported to change the uterine environment, increase accessory sperm numbers, fertilization rates, and overall embryo survival. Thus, expression of estrus can strongly impact overall pregnancy success. Because of variation in percentage of beef females detected in estrus and number of animals per study, it can be difficult to detect a significant effect of estrus on pregnancy success. Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted using data from 10,116 beef females in 22 studies that utilized variations of the 5 most common fixed-time AI protocols (CO-Synch, 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR, 5-day CIDR, PG 6-day CIDR, and the 14-day CIDR protocols) to examine the effect of detection in standing estrus on subsequent fixed-time AI pregnancy success. A random-effects model was used to combine the studies/herds. The overall model indicated a positive effect of estrus on conception rates with cows detected in estrus before fixed-time AI having a 27% greater (P<0.05; 95% CI=22-32%) conception rate compared with those not detected in estrus. Next we determined factors that influenced expression of estrus. Data were available on 547 cows synchronized with a CIDR based fixed-time AI protocols and observed for estrus before AI during 2-4 breeding seasons. Analysis of these cows indicated that days postpartum (P=0.22) did not impact estrous expression. In contrast, BCS influenced estrous expression (P=0.04) with cows in a BCS of ≤4 (51±5%) having decreased expression of estrus compared to cows with a BCS>4 (≥70±4%). Initiation of estrous cycles before the breeding season also influenced estrous expression (P=0.03), with anestrous cows having greater expression of estrus compared with estrus-cycling cows (78±5% vs. 70±5%, respectively). In conclusion, among all currently recommended fixed-time AI protocols, cows detected in estrus before fixed-time AI had improved conception rates, with BCS and estrus-cycling status having the greatest influence on expression of estrus.

Linking hospital security to customer service: making the case for 'world class' security.

The reluctance of many hospitals today to invest money and resources into security and safety while at the same time promoting customer good will is a fallacy that has to be corrected, according to the author. He demonstrates how high customer satisfaction scores, as well as regulatory compliance, can only be achieved if a hospital takes the steps necessary to provide adequate safety and security to patients, visitors, physicians and to all who come to the hospital.

Dynamic model of time-dependent complex networks.

The characterization of the "most connected" nodes in static or slowly evolving complex networks has helped in understanding and predicting the behavior of social, biological, and technological networked systems, including their robustness against failures, vulnerability to deliberate attacks, and diffusion properties. However, recent empirical research of large dynamic networks (characterized by irregular connections that evolve rapidly) has demonstrated that there is little continuity in degree centrality of nodes over time, even when their degree distributions follow a power law. This unexpected dynamic centrality suggests that the connections in these systems are not driven by preferential attachment or other known mechanisms. We present an approach to explain real-world dynamic networks and qualitatively reproduce these dynamic centrality phenomena. This approach is based on a dynamic preferential attachment mechanism, which exhibits a sharp transition from a base pure random walk scheme.

Implementing and securing a tobacco free campus.

Predictions are that the time is not far off when hospitals will be completely tobacco free, removing smoking kiosks and abolishing designated smoking areas. Achieving this goal will not be easy and will require support from the top down, dedicated program participants, and well-formulated plans and their implementation, according to the author, who describes the experiences of a medical center in a major tobacco producing state in becoming tobacco free.

Evidence of construct similarity in Executive Functions and Fluid Reasoning abilities.

Executive Functions and Fluid Reasoning are both considered to be core aspects of intelligence and mediated by frontal lobe functioning. However, both constructs considerably overlap, and the distinction between the two constructs is unclear. For this study, three measures of Executive Functions and three measures of Fluid Reasoning were administered to a group of participants. Significant correlations were found establishing an empirical association between these two constructs. Factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis also provide evidence for construct similarity. Future research in defining these constructs for measurement purposes and using tests of these constructs in clinical practice is discussed.

Short-term effects of exercise and music on cognitive performance among participants in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

OBJECTIVE: Exercise has been associated with improved cognitive performance among patients with coronary artery disease. Music listening has been associated with enhanced cognitive functioning among healthy adults. This study evaluated the combined influence of exercise and music listening on cognitive performance among patients in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). DESIGN AND SETTING: Using a within-subjects repeated measures design, this study was conducted in an outpatient University-based CR facility. SAMPLE: Thirty-three men and women (mean age = 62.6 +/- 10.5 years) participated in this study. METHODS: Participants completed 1 exercise session accompanied by music and a second exercise session without music. Order of conditions was assigned randomly. Before and after each exercise session, participants completed a brief assessment of depression and anxiety, and a cognitive test of verbal fluency. RESULTS: The music condition was associated with significant improvements in verbal fluency, but the no-music control condition was not associated with cognitive change. CONCLUSION: The study provides preliminary evidence of the combined benefit of exercise and music listening for cognitive performance among patients in CR.

Granular clustering in a hydrodynamic simulation.

We examine the hydrodynamics of a granular gas using numerical simulation. We demonstrate the appearance of shearing and clustering instabilities predicted by linear stability analysis, and show that their appearance is directly related to the inelasticity of collisions in the material. We discuss the rate at which these instabilities arise and the manner in which clusters grow and merge.

Performance improvement in the JCAHO environment of care.

Using security management to demonstrate performance improvement for JCAHO can be a viable option. The article illustrates how a program for reducing theft became the basis for demonstrating performance improvement.

Cyclopentene Synthesis from 1,3-Dienes via Base-Induced Ring Contraction of 3,6-Dihydro-2H-thiopyrans: Studies on Diastereoselection and Mechanism.

An investigation of the scope and mechanism of a new synthesis of cyclopentenes from 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyrans is described. Alkyl halides substituted with an electron-withdrawing group in the alpha-position were reacted with sodium thiosulfate, yielding the corresponding Bunte salts, which could be transformed to reactive thiocarbonyl compounds by elimination of the elements of bisulfite with mild base treatment. In situ trapping by 1,3-dienes afforded in good yields a variety of 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyrans substituted with electron-withdrawing groups at the 2-position. Exposure of these cycloadducts to strong base at low temperature effected a novel ring contraction, affording 2-(methylthio)-3-cyclopentenes after quenching with methyl iodide. The level of diastereoselectivity exhibited during the generation of these cyclopentenes was found to be dependent on the nature of the electron-withdrawing group at the 2-position of the dihydrothiopyran as well as the substitution pattern originally present in the diene component. In some cases, reducing the temperature during the ring contraction resulted in the isolation of good yields of vinyl cyclopropanes of high isomeric purity. With one substrate, highly diastereoselective rearrangement of a vinyl cyclopropane to a cyclopentene was unambiguously demonstrated, suggesting that this might be a key feature of the overall ring contraction mechanism.