Adjunctive topical oxygen therapy for wound healing in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

INTRODUCTION: While the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been supported by randomized prospective trials for the use of selective lower extremity wounds, it is associated with significant cost, inconvenience, and a small risk of pneumothorax, barotrauma to the tympanic membrane, and severe hypoglycemia. As topical oxygen therapy (tOT) avoids these issues and there is little literature examining its use for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), we reviewed our experience with tOT as an adjunctive technique for wound healing with arterial wounds. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with tOT for lower extremity wounds over 8 years. PAD patients with non-healing ulcers were referred to tOT after having revascularization of the limb and/or debridement where appropriate. tOT was administered to affected areas 4 times a week with a local boot that delivered 100% oxygen to the wound at 1.03 atm for 90-min sessions. We had 28 patients with PAD, 57.1% male, and 36 individual wounds. Ages ranged from 37 to 93 (mean 62 ± 13.7). 82% had a history DM, 75% hypertension, and 60.7% hyperlipidemia. 78% had lower extremity arterial angioplasty and 11% had a LE bypass. The remainder had a debridement only and were not candidates for arterial revascularization. RESULTS: tOT duration ranged from 1 to 7 months (mean 3 ± 2). 29% stopped tOT before healing. 25% healed completely. One died during follow-up. Overall, 66% had reduction of the wound area ranging from 12% to 100%. None had major limb amputation. 18% underwent toe amputations. 25% of our patients were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: While these data are from a single-center and are single-armed, they represent the largest reported series of this therapy. This home-based therapy does show promise and warrants further investigation.

Early Results With a New Endovenous Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter, Venclose®.

OBJECTIVES: Endovenous Radio-frequency Ablation (RFA) has become a common treatment for chronic venous insufficiency. The Medtronic® Closurefast catheter was previously the only RFA catheter approved for use in this procedure. In 2018 VenClose® Company's new device was approved. As there has been little literature on this new device, we examined our results with this new alternative. METHODS: Patients with symptomatic venous insufficiency had their lower extremities mapped via ultrasound. If superficial reflux (>.5 s) was found the patients were recommended a 6-week conservative course of compression stockings, elevation, and NSAIDs. If conservative treatment failed, the patient was scheduled for an RFA. The procedure was done at the outpatient clinic, instructions were given to return for follow-up in 3-5 days, and every 3 months thereafter for the first year. 1032 procedures were performed over 14 months. RESULTS: We had 503 patients, 69% female, mean age 54 ± 12. Under the CEAP system, clinical manifestation portion, the majority of our limbs were class C3 and class C4. The majority of veins closed were GSV above knee and SSV. Follow-up duration ranged from 1 to 276 days (Mean (M) = 10 SD: 20 days). Our success rate was 99.32% at initial follow-up. We observed EHITs in 12 cases (1.16%), 8 of which were class I, 2 of which were class II, and 2 of which were class III. We noted SVTs of proximal varicose veins in 40 cases (3.88%) and SVT of distal GSV in 4 cases (.38%). There were 4 (.38%) cases of DVT, 3 in calf muscular veins (.29%), and one in a perforator vein (.09%). We observed two cases of puncture abscess (.193%), 8 cases of infection at the puncture site (.77%), with 8 infections occurring at locations other than the puncture site and not as a result of the procedure. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results indicate that this new machine and catheter are promising with low rates of EHIT, recanalizations, and other complications. It is important to research this catheter and further studies should continue to follow up to examine recanalization rates over a more long-term follow-up.

Partial subclavian artery coverage in TEVAR patients for acute type B aortic dissections: an alternative solution.

BACKGROUND: Acute type B aortic dissection with origin of the left subclavian artery (LSA) is generally managed with endovascular therapy for acute coverage of the LSA with: 1) no revascularization; 2) revascularization with open methods; or 3) endovascular revascularization. To identify an alternative solution, we critically evaluated a small cohort of patients who had partial coverage of their LSA. METHODS: Three thoracic endovascular repairs were performed from January-March 2015. Patients were deemed eligible for endovascular repair after they had failed conservative management. Indications included acute type B dissection with lower extremity ischemia, ruptured dissection, and persistent symptoms of dissection after medical therapy. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all three patients, and all procedures were performed percutaneously. The mean distance between the ostium of the LSA and the entry point of dissection was 11.1±3.4 mm. Within the 30-day postoperative period, there were no deaths, aortic ruptures, myocardial infarctions, or conversions to open repair. Freedom from re-intervention was noted in all 3 patients. There was no spinal cord ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: There is no strong evidence to support the current optimal approach for treatment of the thoracic aorta. Partial coverage of LSA in patients with <2 cm seal zones may be considered as an alternative. However, due to our small sample size, limited follow-up, and lack of comparison cohort, further investigation is necessary.

Classification and treatment of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis: Recommendations from the American Venous Forum and the Society for Vascular Surgery.

The American Venous Forum (AVF) and the Society for Vascular Surgery set forth these guidelines for the management of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT). The guidelines serve to compile the body of literature on EHIT and to put forth evidence-based recommendations. The guidelines are divided into the following categories: classification of EHIT, risk factors and prevention, and treatment of EHIT. One major feature is to standardize the reporting under one classification system. The Kabnick and Lawrence classification systems are now combined into the AVF EHIT classification system. The novel classification system affords standardization in reporting but also allows continued combined evaluation with the current body of literature. Recommendations codify the use of duplex ultrasound for the diagnosis of EHIT. Risk factor assessments and methods of prevention including mechanical prophylaxis, chemical prophylaxis, and ablation distance are discussed. Treatment guidelines are tailored to the AVF EHIT class (ie, I, II, III, IV). Reference is made to the use of surveillance, antiplatelet therapy, and anticoagulants as deemed indicated, and the recommendations incorporate the use of the novel direct oral anticoagulants. Last, EHIT management as it relates to the great and small saphenous veins is discussed.

Classification and treatment of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis: Recommendations from the American Venous Forum and the Society for Vascular Surgery This Practice Guidelines document has been co-published in Phlebology [DOI: 10.1177/0268355520953759] and Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.06.008]. The publications are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal's style. The contribution has been published under a Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The American Venous Forum (AVF) and the Society for Vascular Surgery set forth these guidelines for the management of endothermal heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT). The guidelines serve to compile the body of literature on EHIT and to put forth evidence-based recommendations. The guidelines are divided into the following categories: classification of EHIT, risk factors and prevention, and treatment of EHIT.One major feature is to standardize the reporting under one classification system. The Kabnick and Lawrence classification systems are now combined into the AVF EHIT classification system. The novel classification system affords standardization in reporting but also allows continued combined evaluation with the current body of literature. Recommendations codify the use of duplex ultrasound for the diagnosis of EHIT. Risk factor assessments and methods of prevention including mechanical prophylaxis, chemical prophylaxis, and ablation distance are discussed.Treatment guidelines are tailored to the AVF EHIT class (ie, I, II, III, IV). Reference is made to the use of surveillance, antiplatelet therapy, and anticoagulants as deemed indicated, and the recommendations incorporate the use of the novel direct oral anticoagulants. Last, EHIT management as it relates to the great and small saphenous veins is discussed.

A new endovascular technique for the treatment of dialysis-associated steal syndrome.

Background Dialysis access-associated steal syndrome is a major complication of arteriovenous fistula creation whereby the low-resistance venous conduit shunts arterial inflow through the anastomosis, resulting in clinically significant distal artery insufficiency. Herein, we describe a case of severe steal phenomenon with gangrene of a digit following placement of an arteriovenous fistula that was treated with a novel, entirely endovascular technique. To our knowledge, this was the first totally endovascular approach to dialysis access-associated steal syndrome. Methods Catheterization of the right subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries was performed. A short 5-Fr sheath was exchanged for a long destination 6-Fr sheath and placed in the proximal brachial artery. An arteriogram showed no stenosis of the arterial system, but did show substantial steal phenomenon with inflow to the arteriovenous fistula, instead of the forearm. We placed a stent graft in the brachial artery across the anastomosis such that the graft covered 3/4 of the length of the opening of the anastomosis. Results Immediately after placement of the stent graft the clinical picture improved dramatically. Patient was followed for 15 months after this procedure until her demise for unrelated causes without ever experiencing dialysis access-associated steal syndrome and with a patent and functional arteriovenous fistula. Conclusion We present a patient with severe dialysis access-associated steal syndrome complicated by third fingertip gangrene, which was successfully treated using a completely endovascular technique. This novel endovascular approach enabled a high-risk patient to avoid open surgery, preserve her limb, and maintain the function of her arteriovenous fistula.

The sticky platelet syndrome during carotid endarterectomy.

The sticky platelet syndrome is a congenital disorder, characterized by abnormal platelet aggregation in response to epinephrine and/or adenosine phosphate. We present a case of intraoperative carotid artery thrombosis, after patch angioplasty. The successful repair was only feasible on administration of antiplatelet therapy. Presence of sticky platelet syndrome should be considered during vascular operative interventions, and load of antiplatelet agents should be given in patients with unexplained repeated thrombosis of arterial repair, as we described and reported this case.

Diversity in vascular surgery.

A growing body of literature in vascular surgery demonstrates disparities in the type of health care that racial/ethnic minorities receive in the United States. Numerous recommendations, including those of the Institute of Medicine, have been set forth, which identify increasing the number of minority health professionals as a key strategy to eliminating health disparities. The purpose of this study is to compare the racial/ethnic distribution of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) membership, the SVS leadership, vascular surgery trainees, and medical students. The results demonstrate that the racial/ethnic distribution of the SVS membership reflects a considerable lack of diversity with a paucity of diversity among the SVS leadership. An increasing rate of racial/ethnic diversity among vascular surgery trainees may indicate that the SVS will see an improvement in diversity in the future.

Factors affecting career choice among the next generation of academic vascular surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined factors that influence an individual's decision to enter an academic medical career after residency training. We sought to evaluate whether sex, ethnicity, child care issues, and debt burden influenced residents' choice for a career in academic vascular surgery. METHODS: A 39-item Web survey, designed to elucidate which factors motivated residents to seek a career in academic vascular surgery, was sent to 295 vascular surgery residents currently enrolled in Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited training programs. RESULTS: A total of 128 responses (43%) were received. Of these, 53% of respondents were white and 47% were nonwhite and 34 (27%) were women and 94 (73%) were men. Fifty-seven percent of minorities anticipate a career in academic vascular surgery. There were no statistical differences between sex and ethnicity for factors influencing career choice, including training paradigm, presence of a life partner or dependents, mentorship role, participation in research, service, and teaching, anticipated salary, and debt burden (P > .05). Seventy-seven percent of respondents carry significant debt; of those with debt, 81% owe >$100,000 and 40% owe >$200,000. Seventy-three percent of 0+5 trainees anticipated choosing an academic practice compared with 42% of 5+2 trainees (P < .01). Respondents planning an academic career cited procedural variation, breadth and depth of practice/tertiary referral experience, and research opportunities as the most important drivers of career choice. Income potential, strength of the job market, and child care needs were deemed less important. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that academic vascular surgery is a popular career option for current vascular surgery trainees, especially those in 0+5 programs. Choosing a career in academic vascular surgery appears not to be influenced by sex, ethnicity, child care concerns, salary expectations, or debt burden, even though most trainees carry enormous debt. The data imply future academic vascular surgeons will likely have greater gender and ethnic variability than is currently seen.

Hybrid approach for treatment of behind the knee popliteal artery aneurysms.

We describe herein a combined approach to the treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAA) that averts extensive dissections and potential blood loss particularly in cases of behind-the-knee aneurysms. Over the last 4 years, 13 patients (12 males) with mean age of 75 +/- 8 years were treated for PAAs at our institution with a combined surgical and endovascular approach. The mean size of popliteal aneurysms was 2.9 cm +/- 1.7 cm. One of the 13 cases (8%) was performed for acute ischemia and an additional 5 (38%) for claudication. All operations were performed under general anesthesia in supine position. Vein conduits (eight ipsilateral great saphenous veins, two contralateral great saphenous veins and one arm vein) were utilized for 11 bypasses. Of these, eight were from superficial femoral artery (SFA) to below the knee popliteal artery, two popliteal to popliteal and one SFA to posterior tibial artery. In addition, two expanded polytetrafluoroethylene femoral popliteal bypasses were performed. The distal anastomosis was performed after the popliteal artery was ligated distal to the aneurysm. Next, coil embolization of the aneurysmal sac was performed under fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance. Coils were embolized through a 5F sheath. Lastly, the popliteal artery was ligated distal to the proximal anastomosis. Completion studies were obtained with duplex in six cases and arteriography in the remaining five cases. Mean follow-up was 11.6 months +/- 9.6. One bypass occluded in 2 months after surgery. One patient demonstrated continued growth of his aneurysm despite coil embolization twice and underwent an open ligation of the branches perfusing the aneurysm from within the sac through a posterior approach. This approach may be particularly useful for PAAs located behind the knee where optimal surgical exposure is often difficult and the collateral circulation is abundant. The proposed technique is simple, effective and averts extensive dissections required to minimize blood loss.

Use of the StarClose device for closure of inadvertent subclavian artery punctures.

PURPOSE: The placement of central catheters is a common procedure. It is also associated with multiple known complications. One of the potential complications that carry high morbidity and morality is arterial puncture and cannulation. Herein, we describe five case reports of a central line that was inadvertently placed in the subclavian artery and successfully removed using a StarClose device (Abbott Laboratories, Redwood CA). METHODS/RESULTS: A retrospective chart review of a prospectively maintained database was performed. We identified five cases of inadvertent subclavian artery cannulation during central venous catheter placement. All catheters were removed successfully either in the operating room under fluoroscopic guidance or at the bedside with closure of the arteriotomy using the StarClose device. No cases required conversion to an open procedure for repair. No postremoval hematomas, bleeding episodes, myocardial infarctions, arrhythmias, or adverse clinical sequelae were identified. DISCUSSION: Based on our limited experience, we feel that this method can be performed safely and expeditiously not only in the operating room but also at the bedside.

Predictive factors of success following radio-frequency stylet (RFS) ablation of incompetent perforating veins (IPV).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential predictive factors associated with success or failure of incompetent perforating veins (IPVs) treated with radio-frequency stylet (RFS). METHODS: Over the last 12 months in this observational study, 38 consecutive patients with various degrees of venous insufficiency and IPVs underwent 48 office-based radio-frequency ablation procedures (1 - C 3; 7 - C 4; 10 - C 5; 30 - C 6) in 44 limbs. There were 21 females and 17 males with a mean age of 67 +/- 17 years (38-93 years) who had a total of 93 IPVs (40 calf; 53 ankle). Eighteen patients (47%) had ipsilateral great saphenous vein (GSV) radio-frequency closures performed prior to current procedure. The venous flow pattern was classified by spectral waveform analysis as "normal" (spontaneous with respiratory phasicity) in 33 patients and "pulsatile" (with bidirectional cardiac phasicity) in five patients. Follow-up duplex scans were performed from 3 to 7 days postprocedure. Statistical analyses were performed for determining correlation between the various factors such as, age, pulsatile flow, CEAP class, prior GSV ablation, vein diameter, reflux, and patency. RESULTS: The mean number of ablated IPVs was 1.94 +/- 0.38 ranging from 1-3. Immediate success rate was 88% (82 cases, 32 patients). IPVs had a duplex measured mean diameter of 3.8 +/- 1.1 mm (2-6.6 mm). Eleven IPVs remained patent in six patients. There was no significant difference between the patent and the obliterated IPV groups concerning age (P = 0.75), prior GSV ablation (P = .19), IPV diameter (P = .08) and CEAP classification. Conversely, four of the five procedures (80%) performed in patients with "pulsatile" venous flow failed, while only two of the remaining 43 procedures (4.7%) in patients with "normal" venous flow failed (P < .001). CONCLUSION: These data show that a pulsatile venous flow pattern is a significant predictor of failure following RFS for IPVs.

Iatrogenic injuries of the common femoral artery (CFA) and external iliac artery (EIA) during endograft placement: an underdiagnosed entity.

OBJECTIVE: Early limb occlusions following endovascular treatment of aorto-iliac aneurysmal disease is not uncommon (4%-13%). To assess whether the femoral artery entry site could potentially cause this complication, we prospectively evaluated the ipsilateral common femoral artery (CFA) and distal external iliac artery (EIA) with intraoperative duplex scans (IDS). METHODS: There were 134 patients with infrarenal nonruptured abdominal aorto-iliac aneurysms treated with endografts since 2002 at our institution. Age ranged from 65 to 89 years (mean: 77 +/- 7 years). Aneuryx (n = 41), Zenith (n = 50), and Excluder (n = 43) endografts were used for repair. All procedures were performed via open exposure of the CFA. Introducer diameter varied from 12 mm to 22 mm. All patients underwent IDS of the CFA and distal EIA after repair of the arteriotomies. RESULTS: In 34 patients (25%), we documented intimal dissections causing severe (>70%) stenoses. Of the 271 arteries that were examined, 38 (14%) had abnormal findings that demanded intervention. These were repaired with flap excision, tacking sutures revision, or patch angioplasty (n = 36). Repeat IDS confirmed the adequacy of the repair. No statistical difference was noted if the site of larger introducer sheath and the incidence of flap formation. In addition, 10 small flaps or plaques were visualized but did not create significant stenosis. No differences were noted in the incidence of positive duplex exams between each type graft (P = .4). No early or late iliac limb occlusions were noted. Follow-up of 94% was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Completion arterial duplex scans are helpful in detecting a substantial number of clinically unsuspected technical defects caused by introducer sheaths. Timely diagnosis and repair of these defects may decrease the incidence of early limb occlusion following endograft placement.

Self-assessment of the training of vascular fellows: survey results of 219 vascular fellows from 2004 through 2007.

Introduction. In an attempt to identify the concerns of vascular fellows regarding their training in vascular surgery, we conducted a survey consisting of 22 questions at an annual national meeting from 2004 to 2007. Methods. The fellows were asked to assess various aspects of their training as excellent, satisfactory, or mixed. Results. 76% were satisfied with their endovascular experience during their fellowship while 82% were satisfied with their experience with open cases. The distribution of non-learning cases was felt to be excellent, satisfactory, or required some or much improvement in: 45%, 44%, 8%, and 2% respectively. However, only 61% felt that their vascular laboratory experience was excellent or satisfactory. Only 36% actually performed the vascular duplex exam, and only 49% felt that they would feel comfortable in managing a vascular laboratory. Conclusions. The results of this Survey suggest that several significant issues are reflected in the minds of vascular trainees.

219 vascular fellows' perception of the future of vascular surgery.

In an attempt to identify the fellows' concerns about the future of the field of vascular surgery, we conducted a survey consisting of 22 questions at an annual national meeting in March from 2004 to 2007. In order to obtain accurate data, all surveys were kept anonymous. The fellows were asked (1) what type of practice they anticipated they would be in, (2) what the new training paradigm for fellows should be, (3) to assess their expectation of the needed manpower with respect to the demand for vascular surgeons, (4) what were major threats to the future of vascular surgery, (5) whether they had heard of and were in favor of the American Board of Vascular Surgery (ABVS), (6) who should be able to obtain vascular privileges, and (7) about their interest in an association for vascular surgical trainees. Of 273 attendees, 219 (80%) completed the survey. Males made up 87% of those surveyed, and 60% were between the ages of 31 and 35 years. Second-year fellows made up 82% of those surveyed. Those expecting to join a private, academic, or mixed practice made up 35%, 28%, and 20% of the respondents, respectively, with 71% anticipating entering a 100% vascular practice. Forty percent felt that 5 years of general surgery with 2 years of vascular surgery should be the training paradigm, while 45% suggested 3 and 3 years, respectively. A majority, 79%, felt that future demand would exceed the available manpower, while 17% suggested that manpower would meet demand. The major challenges to the future of vascular surgery were felt to be competition from cardiology (82%) or radiology (30%) and lack of an independent board (29%). Seventeen percent were not aware of the ABVS, and only 2% were against it; 71% suggested that vascular privileges be restricted to board-certified vascular surgeons. Seventy-six percent were interested in forming an association for vascular trainees to address the issues of the future job market (67%), endovascular training during fellowship (56%), increasing focus on the vascular fellows at national meetings (49%), and representation for the fellows on the national councils (37%). This survey suggests that several significant issues exist in the minds of vascular trainees that have not been addressed and may present opportunities for further dialogue.

Limitations of and lessons learned from clinical experience of 1,020 duplex arteriography.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the inherent risks, deficiencies and cost associated with contrast arteriography (CA), our group has been utitilizing duplex arteriography (DA) for evaluating the arteries of the lower extremity for patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization. In an effort to further explore the strengths and weaknesses of DA, we reviewed our evolving experience with DA from January 1, 1998, to January 1, 2005. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The arterial segments starting from mid-abdominal aorta to the pedal arteries were studied in cross-sectional and longitudinal planes using a variety of scanheads of 7-4, 10-5, 12-5, 5-2 and 3-2 MHz extended operative frequency range to obtain high-quality B-mode, color and power Doppler images as well as velocity spectra. In 906 patients, 1,020 duplex arteriograms were obtained. The ages ranged from 30-98 years old with a mean of 73+/-11 (SD) years. Fifty percent of the patients were diabetics. Indications for the examination included: tissue loss (409), rest pain (221), claudication (310), acute ischemia (74), popliteal aneurysm (45), SFA aneurysm (2), abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) (10) and failing bypass (55). Prior procedures had been performed in 262. DA was performed by six technologists (4 of whom are MDs). In all, 207 DA were performed intraoperatively and the remainder, preoperatively. RESULTS: The resultant procedures based upon DA included: bypass to the popliteal artery (262) and bypass to an infrapopliteal artery (325), endovascular procedures (363), thrombectomy (11), embolectomy (9), inflow bypass procedures to the femoral arteries (46), débridment (4), amputation (8) and no intervention (75). The areas not visualized well included: iliac (73), femoral (26), popliteal (17), and infrapopliteal (221). Additional imaging after DA was deemed necessary in 102 cases to obtain enough information to plan lower extremity revascularization. Factors associated with increased need to obtain CA included: DM (p<.001), infrapopliteal calcification (p<.001), older age (p = .01) and limb threatening ischemia (p<.001). Factors not associated with the need to obtain CA included: which technologist performed the exam, whether the technologist has a medical degree and whether the patient underwent prior revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: In 90% of patients reviewed, DA is able to obtain the needed information to plan lower extremity revascularization. Severe tibial vessel calcification is the most common cause of an incomplete DA exam and determines when alternative imaging modalities need to be obtained.

Gray-scale median of the atherosclerotic plaque can predict success of lumen re-entry during subintimal femoral-popliteal angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed whether the duplex ultrasound (DUS)-derived gray-scale median (GSM) of the most six distal portion of the occluded femoral-popliteal arterial segment can predict success of lumen re-entry for subintimal angioplasty. METHODS: During the last 3 years, 108 patients (62% men) with a mean age of 73 +/- 10 years underwent 116 primary attempted DUS-guided subintimal angioplasties of the femoral-popliteal segment. Preprocedural B-mode DUS images of the plaque at the most distal occlusion segment were digitalized and normalized using Photoshop (Adobe, San Jose, Calif) software and standard criteria (gray level, 0 to 5 for lumen blood and 185 to 190 for the adventitia on a linear scale of 0 to 255). Overall GSM of the plaque segment about 2 cm long, immediately before the planned re-entry point to the true arterial lumen, was used for retrospective correlation with procedure success and other clinical indicators. RESULTS: Mean plaque GSM for all cases was 22.5 +/- 12.6 (range, 3 to 60). The overall success rate of subintimal angioplasty procedures was 85%. Mean plaque GSM for 99 successful cases (18.4 +/- 7.8) was significantly lower than for 17 cases (46.4 +/- 8.1) where we failed (P < .0001). We failed in 90% of 19 cases with GSM >35, in 71% of 24 cases with GSM >20, and in 50% of 34 cases with GSM >25. There was no statistically significant difference (P = .45) between plaque GSM in 64 patients with diabetes (23.3 +/- 13.5) compared with 52 nondiabetic patients (21.5 +/- 11.4). Similarly, plaque GSM was not statistically different (P = .9) in 52 patients with renal insufficiency (22.7 +/- 13.2) compared with 64 patients with normal creatinine levels (22.4 +/- 12.2). At the 6-month follow-up, no statistically significant difference was found between mean GSM (17.8 +/- 7.8) in 47 stenosis-free cases compared with mean GSM (18 +/- 6.8) in 22 cases where severe restenosis (>70%) or reocclusion was identified by DUS scan (P = .4). CONCLUSIONS: Plaque echogenicity represented by DUS-derived GSM can be used to predict the success of primary subintimal femoral-popliteal angioplasties.

Predictive factors of femoropopliteal patency after suboptimal duplex-guided balloon angioplasty and stenting: is recoil a bad sign?

Currently, the value of stenting during femoropopliteal balloon angioplasty (FPBA) remains unclear. Herein we evaluate the patency rates of successful duplex-guided balloon angioplasty (DAGBA) alone versus suboptimal DAGBA followed by stenting and the prestenting dissection versus recoil as potential indicators of stent success or failure. Over a period of 27 months, we performed 291 duplex-guided FPBAs (194 stenoses; 97 occlusions) on 244 limbs in 220 patients. Disabling claudication was the indication in 67%. Critical limb ischemia was the indication in the remaining 33%. Self-expanding nitinol stents were used when plaque dissection and/ or recoil caused diameter reduction > or = 40%. Serial follow-up duplex scans were obtained. Severe restenosis (> 70%) was measured by B-mode imaging and a peak systolic velocity ratio > 3. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 41 months (mean 10 +/- 8.3 months). The overall mean interval for restenosis and occlusion was 6.5 +/- 4.2 months and 5.6 +/- 6.1 months, respectively. Stents did affect overall patency results compared with not using stents. Reasons for stenting were plaque recoil, dissection, or both in 98 (53%), 44 (24%), and 42 (23%) cases, respectively. Six-month patency was 59%, 94%, and 69%, respectively. The difference between plaque recoil and dissection was significant (p<.04). The use of stents during FPBA may be associated with balloon angioplasty site failure in the femoropopliteal segment. To our knowledge, this is the first report ever to document plaque recoil as a predictor of balloon angioplasty site failure notwithstanding stent placement.