RESUMEN
The present study investigated the potential of bemegride as a pharmacological activation agent that elicits epileptiform discharges (EDs) in interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in dogs. Four laboratory dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and four without epilepsy were included. The dogs were anesthetized using sevoflurane during EEG recordings. Bemegride was administered intravenously and repeatedly until EDs were enhanced or induced, or until the maximum dose (20 mg/kg) had been administered. Bemegride activated EDs in all dogs with epilepsy. These EDs predominantly occurred in each dog's spontaneous irritative zones, which were identified without the administration of bemegride. EDs occurred after the administration of bemegride in 50% of dogs without epilepsy. The dose required for activation was significantly lower in dogs with epilepsy (median; 7.3 mg/kg) than in those without (median; 19.7 mg/kg) (p = 0.0294). The only suspected adverse effect associated with the administration of bemegride was vomiting in two dogs after awakening from anesthesia. There were no other adverse effects, including seizures. The present results demonstrated the potential of bemegride as a safe and effective pharmacological activation agent of EDs in anesthetized dogs with epilepsy and provided more options for the diagnosis and therapeutic planning of epilepsy, including presurgical evaluations, in dogs.
RESUMEN
Caregivers of dogs with epilepsy experience severe stress due to unpredictable seizures. Hence, they feel the need for a better management strategy. A seizure detection system (SDS), which can identify seizures and provide notifications to caregivers immediately, is required to address this issue. The current study aimed to establish a wearable automatic SDS using acceleration data and the Mahalanobis distance and to preliminarily investigate its feasibility among dogs. A generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) was targeted because it is the most common type of seizure and can have serious consequences (i.e., status epilepticus). This study comprised three phases. First, the reference datasets of epileptic and non-epileptic activities were established using acceleration data of GTCSs in 3 dogs and daily activities in 27 dogs. Second, the GTCS-detecting algorithm was created using the reference datasets and was validated using other acceleration data of GTCSs in 4 epileptic dogs and daily activities in 27 dogs. Third, a feasibility test of the SDS prototype was performed in three dogs with epilepsy. The algorithm was effective in identifying all acceleration data of GTCSs as seizures and all acceleration data of daily activities as non-seizure activities. Dogs with epilepsy were monitored with the prototype for 48-72 h, and three GTCSs were identified. The prototype detected all GTCSs accurately. A false positive finding was not obtained unless the accelerometer was displaced. Hence, a method that can detect epileptic seizures, particularly GTCSs, was established. Nevertheless, further large-scale studies must be conducted before the method can be commercialized.
RESUMEN
A vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) system was surgically implanted to treat drug-resistant epilepsy in a 5-year-old male Shetland Sheepdog. At regular visits during a 1-year follow-up, treatment efficacy and adverse effects were assessed, and programmable stimulation parameters were adjusted to optimize stimulation intensity while avoiding adverse effects. The frequency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures was reduced by 87% after the initiation of VNS. The owner reported that the dog regained his personality, and the quality of life of both the dog and owner improved. The only adverse effect of VNS was a cough that was controlled by adjusting stimulation parameters. There were no surgical complications or other issues with the VNS device. This is the first long-term evaluation of VNS therapy in a dog, and the results obtained suggest that gradual adjustments of VNS parameters facilitate optimum VNS dosing.