Reducing use of triple therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: Results from a hospital-wide quality improvement initiative.

BACKGROUND: Trials have shown that for patients on oral anticoagulants (OAC), a short course of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with OAC reduces post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) bleeding without increasing ischemic events. Adoption of this strategy has been variable. We evaluated the impact of an institutional quality improvement (QI) initiative to reduce the use of triple therapy (TT, OAC + DAPT) and improve discharge communication post-PCI. METHODS: A hospital-wide QI initiative was developed to minimize time on TT post-PCI. Interventions included institutional guidelines emphasizing discharge on OAC with a P2Y12 inhibitor or reducing TT duration to ≤30 days, changes to the computerized decision-support system, and an educational curriculum for house staff. PCI patients 18 months before and after the initiative (2017-2020) were reviewed along with a faculty survey assessing prescribing practices to evaluate the efficacy of the interventions. RESULTS: Among 2797 PCIs reviewed, 431 were included based on OAC at discharge: 24.9% female, 80.1% White, and the mean age was 74 years. The most common indications for OAC were atrial fibrillation (70.1%) and left ventricular dysfunction (11.4%). Mean duration of TT decreased (58.7-37.8 days, p = 0.02) and patients discharged on TT ≤ 30 days increased (24%-37%, p = 0.019) after intervention. Of surveyed faculty (n = 20), 75.0% reported familiarity with the guidelines and 57.9% reported using them to make therapy decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Following the implementation of a QI initiative, fewer patients were discharged on TT and shorter durations of TT were used. Similar initiatives should be considered at institutions with the prevalent use of TT post-PCI.

Incidence of Myopericarditis and Myocardial Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccinated Subjects.

Several recent publications have described myopericarditis cases after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. However, it is uncertain if these cases occurred secondary to the vaccination or more common etiologies of myopericarditis. To help determine whether a correlation exists between COVID-19 vaccination and myopericarditis, the present study compared the gender-specific cumulative incidence of myopericarditis and myocardial injury in a cohort of COVID-19 vaccinated patients at a tertiary care center in 2021 with the cumulative incidence of these conditions in the same subjects exactly 2 years earlier. We found that the age-adjusted incidence rate of myopericarditis in men was higher in the vaccinated than the control population, rate ratio 9.7 (p = 0.04). However, the age-adjusted incidence rate of myopericarditis in women was no different between the vaccinated and control populations, rate ratio 1.28 (p = 0.71). We further found that the rate of myocardial injury was higher in both men and women in 2021 than in 2019 both before and after vaccination, suggesting that some of the apparent increase in the diagnosis of myopericarditis after vaccination may be attributable to factors unrelated to the COVID-19 vaccinations. In conclusion, our study reaffirms the apparent increase in the diagnosis of myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in men but not in women, although this finding may be confounded by increased rates of myocardial injury in 2021. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccination to individual and public health clearly outweigh the small potential increased risk of myopericarditis after vaccination.

Ipsilateral transulnar artery approach catheterizations after failure of the radial approach-Are two sheaths in the same arm safe?

AIMS: To assess the safety and feasibility of ipsilateral transulnar access (TUA) after failure of radial access (TRA), with two sheaths placed in the radial and ulnar arteries (RA and UA) in the same arm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with TUA due to inability to cross from ipsilateral TRA in the period from March 2011 until September 2020 were included in the study. We examined clinical and procedure characteristics, access site bleeding and ischemic complications and failure mode of initial TRA. Patients were assessed by duplex ultrasound post-procedure (at an average of 56 ± 31 months) and followed clinically (functional and pain assessment). RESULTS: In this period, out of 51,866 patients 112 (0.2%) had a transulnar artery approach due to inability to cross from ipsilateral radial approach. Mean age of patients was 65 ± 11 years with 44% females. Cause for crossover to ipsilateral TUA was inability to cross a RA anomaly in 107 (95%) patients, mostly due to the presence of a "360°" RA loop in 88 patients. Type 3 and 4 EASY Score hematoma was present in 3 patients (2.6%). Six (5.3%) of the patients had new ipsilateral radial artery occlusion noted on duplex on follow up. There were no ulnar artery occlusions detected. There were no clinical or ischemic hand complications seen during a median 4.3 years of follow up. CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral transulnar artery access following failed radial artery access crossing is safe and successful for coronary angiography and intervention with low rates of complications.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Preprocedural Medication Errors in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter.

Perfect adherence to anticoagulant medications is an important aspect of care for patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac electrophysiology procedures to minimize the risk of stroke. Despite this, adherence remains imperfect as is associated with added cost of additional procedures (e.g., transesophageal echocardiography) and administrative burden. We sought to identify characteristics of such patients and predictors of medication errors at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

Lessons for Treating Structural Heart Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.

Background: We sought to compare characteristics and outcomes of structural heart disease (SHD) patients treated during the regional peak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic ("COVID era") compared with historical controls. During the COVID era, elective SHD procedures at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center were canceled but urgent cases were still performed. We enacted several practice changes in an effort to minimize complications, prevent COVID transmission, and decrease hospital stay during the pandemic. Methods: Baseline characteristics and outcomes were collected on all patients who underwent SHD procedures during the COVID era and compared with patients treated during the same time period in 2019. Results: Compared with SHD patients treated during 2019 (N = 259), those treated during the COVID era (N = 26) had higher left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP; 28 vs. 21 mmHg, p = 0.001), and were more likely New York Heart Association class IV (26.9% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.019), but had a lower rate of bleeding/vascular complications (0% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.013), a lower rate of permanent pacemaker implantation (0% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.019), and a greater proportion of patients were discharged on post-operative day 1 (POD#1; 68.2% vs. 22.2%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Practice changes employed for patients treated during the COVID era were associated with fewer vascular complications, a greater proportion of patients discharged on POD#1, and a lower rate of pacemaker implantation despite more severe illness. As a result, we plan to continue these practices in the post-COVID era.

Expedited Removal of a Radial Hemostatic Compression Device Following Cardiac Catheterization Is Safe and Associated With Reduced Time to Discharge.

BACKGROUND: Radial access for cardiac catheterization has become increasingly adopted, owing much of its popularity to decreased bleeding complications compared with the femoral approach. Hemostatic compression devices (HCDs) for radial catheterization play a key role in this advantage, but the optimal duration of compression is unknown. A shorter duration of compression is encouraged by guidelines, but removing an HCD too quickly could result in serious bleeding. We aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of expedited removal of a radial HCD after cardiac catheterization. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients undergoing radial cardiac catheterization and/or percutaneous coronary intervention at a tertiary care academic medical center. Patients underwent HCD application using a TR Band® (Terumo Interventional Systems) which was removed after a prespecified amount of time in each of three sequential temporal cohorts: 2-h, 1-h, or 0.5-h. Each patient was monitored for development of bleeding or hematoma and for serious complications. RESULTS: A total of 354 patients participated in our study, with similar numbers in each group. There was a greater rate of minor bleeding in the 0.5-h (12%) and 1-h (19%) groups compared with the 2-h group (8%), but there were no serious complications (need for surgical consultation, transfusion, or unplanned admission) in any group. The average time to discharge was shorter in the 0.5-h and 1-h groups compared with the 2-h group. CONCLUSIONS: Deflating the radial HCD at 0.5 h is safe with no increase in the observed rate of major complications and is associated with reduced time to discharge after coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention using the radial arterial approach.

Expanding opportunities to understand quality and outcomes of peripheral vascular interventions: The ACC NCDR PVI Registry.

Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) are prevalent conditions in the United States, and both are associated with significant morbidity (eg, stroke, myocardial infarction, and limb loss) and increased mortality. With a growth in invasive procedures for PAD and CeVD, this demands a more clear responsibility and introduces an opportunity to study how patients are treated and evaluate associated outcomes. The American College of Cardiology (ACC) National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) Peripheral Vascular Intervention (PVI) Registry is a prospective, independent collection of data elements from individual patients at participating centers, and it is a natural extension of the already robust NCDR infrastructure. As of September 20, 2018, data have been collected on 45,316 lower extremity PVIs, 12,417 carotid artery stenting procedures, and 11,027 carotid endarterectomy procedures at 208 centers in the United States. The purpose of the present report is to describe the patient and procedural characteristics of the overall cohort and the methods used to design and implement the registry. In collecting these data, ACC and ACC PVI Registry have the opportunity to play a pivotal role in scientific evidence generation, medical device surveillance, and creation of best practices for PVI and carotid artery revascularization.

Identifying Complications and Optimizing Consultations following Transradial Arterial Access for Cardiac Procedures.

BACKGROUND: The radial approach to cardiac procedures has become increasingly common. Although previous studies have suggested a favorable risk profile, serious complications can occur. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence, subsequent treatment, and outcome of all suspected significant neurovascular complications following transradial cardiac procedures at a large US hospital. METHODS: We reviewed all patients who underwent a left heart catheterization, coronary angiogram, or percutaneous coronary intervention via the transradial approach at a single large academic medical center in the United States between 2010 and 2016. Consultations to the vascular and hand surgery services were examined to assess demographic variables, risk factors, presenting symptoms, subsequent treatment, and outcome of all serious complications. RESULTS: A total of 9,681 radial access cardiac procedures were performed during the study period. Twenty-four cases (0.25%) were suspected to have major complications and subsequently received consults. A total of 18 complications were diagnosed, including 8 vascular injuries or perforations, 4 hematomas, 4 radial artery occlusions, 1 case of compartment syndrome, and 1 severe radial artery spasm. Of the complications noted, 3 (16.7%) required operative interventions, but all recovered neurovascular function. CONCLUSIONS: Radial artery access for cardiac procedures has become increasingly common and has been associated with a low rate of major peripheral neurovascular complications. The majority (83.3%) of complications were successfully treated with a nonoperative management algorithm.

The prognostic value of the relationship between right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in diverse cardiovascular conditions.

BACKGROUND: Physical examination of jugular venous pressure is used to estimate right atrial (RA) pressure and infer left-sided filling pressure to assist volume management. Previous studies in advanced heart failure patients showed about 75% concordance between RA and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures. We sought to determine the relationship between mean RA and mean PCW pressure and assess the clinical significance in a broad population of patients undergoing invasive right heart catheterization (RHC). METHODS: We examined 4135 RHC cases at a single academic medical center from February 2007 to December 2014, analyzing baseline variables, hemodynamic data, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The overall Pearson correlation for mean RA and PCW pressures was 0.68 with 70% concordance between dichotomized pressures (RA ≥10 and PCW ≥22 mmHg). Results were similar in subgroups with heart failure (r=0.67, 72%), STEMI/NSTEMI (r=0.60, 69%), unstable angina (r=0.78, 69%), stable/no angina (r=0.72, 67%), and valvular disease (r=0.61, 72%; Chi-square P=.15). Mean RA pressure was independently associated with in-hospital mortality in multivariate analysis (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.081-1.157] per 1 mmHg increase, P<.001). The RA/PCW ratio was not independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Mean RA pressure was also weakly associated with worse renal function (rho=-0.16, P<.001). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing right catheterization for diverse indications, the mean RA and PCW pressures correlated moderately well, but there was discordance in a sizable minority, in whom assessment of left-sided filling pressures using estimated jugular venous pressure may be misleading. Elevated right atrial pressure is a marker for in-hospital mortality.

Time-Course of Cause-Specific Hospital Admissions During Snowstorms: An Analysis of Electronic Medical Records From Major Hospitals in Boston, Massachusetts.

With global climate change, more frequent severe snowstorms are expected; however, evidence regarding their health effects is very limited. We gathered detailed medical records on hospital admissions (n = 433,037 admissions) from the 4 largest hospitals in Boston, Massachusetts, during the winters of 2010-2015. We estimated the percentage increase in hospitalizations for cardiovascular and cold-related diseases, falls, and injuries on the day of and for 6 days after a day with low (0.05-5.0 inches), moderate (5.1-10.0 inches), or high (>10.0 inches) snowfall using distributed lag regression models. We found that cardiovascular disease admissions decreased by 32% on high snowfall days (relative risk (RR) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54, 0.85) but increased by 23% 2 days after (RR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49); cold-related admissions increased by 3.7% on high snowfall days (RR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6, 8.6) and remained high for 5 days after; and admissions for falls increased by 18% on average in the 6 days after a moderate snowfall day (RR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.27). We did not find a higher risk of hospitalizations for injuries. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the time course of hospitalizations during and immediately after snowfall days has been examined. These findings can be translated into interventions that prevent hospitalizations and protect public health during harsh winter conditions.

Utility of a real-time appropriate use criteria decision support application for percutaneous coronary interventions in non-acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and value of a real-time online appropriate use criteria (AUC) application for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients without acute coronary syndrome. BACKGROUND: High rates of non-appropriate elective PCI in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI Registry have created interest in integrating decision support tools into routine clinical care to improve the frequency of appropriate PCIs. METHODS: Patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and subsequent PCI for non-ACS indications at a single center were scored using a real-time AUC application pre-procedure. Blinded angiographic review was performed subsequently for each case. Rates of appropriate, inappropriate, uncertain and not rated PCIs were tabulated according to specific clinical scenarios using information available both before and after the angiographic audit. RESULTS: Of 308 PCIs in 272 patients, 196 (63.6%) were deemed appropriate, 79 (25.6%) uncertain, and two (0.6%) inappropriate; 31 (10.1%) scenarios could not be rated. With angiographic audit, inappropriate PCIs increased to 9.7%. There was a significant improvement in the rate of appropriate PCI using the real-time AUC application compared with retrospective data collection for NCDR reporting (64% vs. 53%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a real-time AUC application together with angiographic audit may improve the accuracy of reporting PCI appropriateness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The data extraction and longitudinal trend analysis network study of distributed automated postmarket cardiovascular device safety surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Current approaches for postmarket medical device safety surveillance are limited in their ability to produce timely and accurate assessments of adverse event rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Data Extraction and Longitudinal Trend Analysis (DELTA) network study was a multicenter prospective observational study designed to evaluate the safety of devices used during percutaneous coronary interventions. All adult patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from January 2008 to December 2012 at 5 participating Massachusetts sites were included. A safety alert was triggered if the cumulative observed adverse event rates for the study device exceeded the upper 95% confidence interval of the event rates of propensity-matched control cohort. Prespecified sensitivity analyses were developed to validate any identified safety signal. A total of 23,805 consecutive percutaneous coronary intervention procedures were evaluated. Two of 24 safety analyses triggered safety alerts. Patients receiving Perclose vascular closure device experienced an increased risk of minor vascular complications (relative risk, 4.14; P<0.01) and any vascular complication (relative risk, 2.06; P=0.01) when compared with propensity-matched patients receiving alternative vascular closure device, a result primarily driven by relatively high event rates at 1 participating center. Sensitivity analyses based on alternative risk adjustment methods confirmed a pattern of increased rate of complications at 1 of the 5 participating sites in their use of Perclose vascular closure device. CONCLUSIONS: The DELTA network study demonstrates that distributed automated prospective safety surveillance has the potential of providing near real-time assessment of safety risks of newly approved medical devices.

Cardiac biomarker measurement after elective percutaneous coronary interventions in older patients: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend consideration of cardiac biomarker measurement after elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), especially with complex cases or complicated procedures. However, the long-term prognostic implications of biomarker measurement after elective PCI have not been well characterized in older patients. METHODS: We examined 157,825 Medicare patients undergoing elective PCI in the United States from 2004 to 2008 at 711 hospitals in the CathPCI Registry. Clinical characteristics and 1-year mortality risk were studied, stratified by creatine kinase-muscle band measurement. RESULTS: Overall, 26% of patients on elective PCI had postprocedure biomarkers measured. These patients had more complex coronary anatomy and procedures but had similar rates of PCI success and inhospital mortality when compared with patients without biomarker measurement. The treating hospital was a significant factor associated with the likelihood of postprocedure biomarker surveillance. Hospitals that measured creatine kinase-muscle band in ≥ 90% of patients on elective PCI had lower associated 1-year mortality rates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.75-0.94) compared with hospitals that measured in < 10% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Among older patients undergoing elective PCI, postprocedure cardiac biomarker measurement occurred infrequently and was concentrated at certain hospitals. Hospitals that routinely measured post-PCI biomarkers were associated with lower long-term mortality compared with hospitals without routine measurement.

Enhanced mortality risk prediction with a focus on high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: results from 1,208,137 procedures in the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry).

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to update and validate a contemporary model for inpatient mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including variables indicating high clinical risk. BACKGROUND: Recently, new variables were added to the CathPCI Registry data collection form. This modification allowed us to better characterize the risk of death, including recent cardiac arrest and duration of cardiogenic shock. METHODS: Data from 1,208,137 PCI procedures performed between July 2009 and June 2011 at 1,252 CathPCI Registry sites were used to develop both a "full" and pre-catheterization PCI in-hospital mortality risk model using logistic regression. To support prospective implementation, a simplified bedside risk score was derived from the pre-catheterization risk model. Model performance was assessed by discrimination and calibration metrics in a separate split sample. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 1.4%, ranging from 0.2% among elective cases (45.1% of total cases) to 65.9% among patients with shock and recent cardiac arrest (0.2% of total cases). Cardiogenic shock and procedure urgency were the most predictive of inpatient mortality, whereas the presence of a chronic total occlusion, subacute stent thrombosis, and left main lesion location were significant angiographic predictors. The full, pre-catheterization, and bedside risk prediction models performed well in the overall validation sample (C-indexes 0.930, 0.928, 0.925, respectively) and among pre-specified patient subgroups. The model was well calibrated across the risk spectrum, although slightly overestimating risk in the highest risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical acuity is a strong predictor of PCI procedural mortality. With inclusion of variables that further characterize clinical stability, the updated CathPCI Registry mortality models remain well-calibrated across the spectrum of PCI risk.

Risk-treatment paradox in the selection of transradial access for percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Access site complications contribute to morbidity and mortality during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Transradial arterial access significantly lowers the risk of access site complications compared to transfemoral arteriotomy. We sought to develop a prediction model for access site complications in patients undergoing PCI with femoral arteriotomy, and assess whether transradial access was selectively used in patients at high risk for complications. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 17 509 patients who underwent PCI without circulatory support from 2008 to 2011 at 5 institutions. Transradial arterial access was used in 17.8% of patients. In those who underwent transfemoral access, 177 (1.2%) patients had access site complications. Using preprocedural clinical and demographic data, a prediction model for femoral arteriotomy complications was generated. The variables retained in the model included: elevated age (P<0.001), female gender (P<0.001), elevated troponin (P<0.001), decreased renal function or dialysis (P=0.002), emergent PCI (P=0.01), prior PCI (P=0.005), diabetes (P=0.008), and peripheral artery disease (P=0.003). The model showed moderate discrimination (optimism-adjusted c-statistic=0.72) and was internally validated via bootstrap resampling. Patients with higher predicted risk of complications via transfemoral access were less likely to receive transradial access (P<0.001). Similar results were seen in patients presenting with and without ST-segment myocardial infarction and when adjusting for individual physician operator. CONCLUSIONS: We generated and validated a model for transfemoral access site complications during PCI. Paradoxically, patients most likely to develop access site complications from transfemoral access, and therefore benefit from transradial access, were the least likely to receive transradial access.

Risk factors for nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding and use of acid-suppressive medication in non-critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether there exist certain subsets of patients outside of the intensive care unit in whom the risk of nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding is high enough that prophylactic use of acid-suppressive medication may be warranted. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding in a cohort of non-critically ill hospitalized patients, develop a risk scoring system, and use this system to identify patients most likely to benefit from acid suppression. DESIGN: Cohort study. PATIENTS: Adult patients admitted to an academic medical center from 2004 through 2007. Admissions with a principal diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding or a principal procedure code for cardiac catheterization were excluded. MAIN MEASURES: Medication, laboratory, and other clinical data were obtained through electronic data repositories maintained at the medical center. The main outcome measure-nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding occurring outside of the intensive care unit-was ascertained via ICD-9-CM coding and confirmed by chart review. KEY RESULTS: Of 75,723 admissions (median age = 56 years; 40 % men), nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 203 (0.27 %). Independent risk factors for bleeding included age > 60 years, male sex, liver disease, acute renal failure, sepsis, being on a medicine service, prophylactic anticoagulants, and coagulopathy. Risk of bleeding increased as clinical risk score derived from these factors increased. Acid-suppressive medication was utilized in > 50 % of patients in each risk stratum. Our risk scoring system identified a high risk group in whom the number-needed-to-treat with acid-suppressive medication to prevent one bleeding event was < 100. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of non-critically ill hospitalized patients, we identified several independent risk factors for nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding. With further validation at other medical centers, the risk model derived from these factors may help clinicians to direct acid-suppressive medication to those most likely to benefit.

Left and codominant coronary artery circulations are associated with higher in-hospital mortality among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes: report From the National Cardiovascular Database Cath Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CathPCI) Registry.

BACKGROUND: Left or codominant coronary arterial circulation may represent less well-balanced myocardial perfusion and thus confer worse prognosis in acute coronary syndrome, especially for culprit lesions arising from the left coronary artery. METHODS AND RESULTS: We related left and codominance, relative to right dominance, with in-hospital mortality in 207 926 percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for acute coronary syndromes from July 1, 2009 through June 30, 2010 in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Cath Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CathPCI) Registry database version 4. Generalized estimating equations and logistic regression analyses were used in unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models. Models were adjusted using the validated National Cardiovascular Data Registry mortality risk model. We performed subgroup analyses and formally tested for effect modification by the epicardial coronary artery containing the culprit lesion. Left coronary dominance was associated with higher in-hospital mortality in unadjusted (odds ratio=1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.42) and adjusted models (1.19, 95% CI, 1.06-1.34). Codominance was associated with worsened mortality only in adjusted models (odds ratio=1.16, 95% CI, 1.01-1.34). Addition of coronary dominance to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry risk model did not materially change model discrimination or calibration. The odds of death for left versus right dominance among those with left circumflex or left main culprit lesions was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.02-1.53), for right coronary artery lesions was 1.19 (95% CI, 0.83-1.71), and for left anterior descending artery lesions was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.93-1.28). There was no statistical evidence for effect modification by culprit lesion vessel (P=0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Left and codominance are associated with modestly increased post-percutaneous coronary intervention in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Confirmation of these findings with angiographic core laboratory verification of coronary dominance and longer term follow-up will be desirable.