Cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents: A 3-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: This study established cognitive vulnerability of anxiety symptoms among high school students. METHOD: A total of 72 grade 9-11 students completed measures on levels of anxiety sensitivity (AS), selective attentional processing, and anxiety symptoms annually between 2016 and 2018. RESULTS: Latent class growth analysis (unconditional model) showed a four-class model: High (stable) (6.94%), low (stable) (11.11%), medium (decreasing) (61.11%), and medium (increasing) (20.83%). The conditioned model controlling for the physical-concerns dimension of AS and negative attentional bias demonstrated that a two-class model consisted of a low anxiety class (n = 59, 81.9%) and a high anxiety class (n = 13, 18.1%) provided the best fit for the data. Negative attentional bias is a significant factor related to the development of anxiety trajectories. CONCLUSION: Attentional bias modification to disengage from negative stimuli may serve as a potential target of intervention to reduce chronic anxiety among high school students.

Motivational interviewing to prevent early childhood caries: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Prevailing health education (PE) often fails to achieve sustained behavioral changes. This randomized controlled trial integrated motivational interviewing (MI) and a patient communication tool featuring interactive caries risk assessment (RA) into PE and investigated the effectiveness of PE, PE + MI, and PE + MI + RA in preventing early childhood caries. METHODS: This study targeted children aged 3-4 years with unfavorable oral health behaviors. 692 parent-child dyads were recruited, randomly assigned into three groups (PE, PE + MI, and PE + MI + RA), and received respective interventions. A questionnaire was completed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months to collect information on socio-demographic background, parental efficacy and children's oral health behaviors. Children's oral hygiene status and dental caries were recorded at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: 655 (94.7%) parent-child dyads remained in the study after 12 months. Caries increment was significantly lower in PE + MI group (ß=-0.717, 95% CI: -1.035, -0.398) and PE + MI + RA group [ß=-0.600, 95% CI: -0.793, -0.407] than in PE group. There was significantly greater reduction in plaque score in PE + MI group (ß=-0.077, 95% CI: -0.106, -0.048) and PE + MI + RA group (ß=-0.075, 95% CI: -0.113, -0.036), as compared with PE group. Significantly greater improvements were found in parental efficacy and children's oral health behaviors in PE + MI and PE + MI + RA groups than in PE group (all p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between PE + MI group and PE + MI + RA group across all outcome measures (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intergration of motivational interviewing improves the effectiveness of prevailing health education in preventing early childhood caries, enhancing parental efficacy, and improving children's oral health behaviors. Incorporation of the communication tool for caries risk assessment does not further improve the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in protecting children's oral health. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The findings of this study provide much needed evidence for dentists, dental auxiliary staff and public health workers to select effective intervention to empower parents for improving children's oral health behaviors and preventing early childhood caries.

Constructive, illusory, and distressed posttraumatic growth among survivors of breast cancer: A 7-year growth trajectory study.

A total of 84 breast cancer survivors completed a package of psychological inventories in 2009 (Time 1), 2012 (Time 2), and 2016 (Time 3). Latent class growth analysis revealed three posttraumatic growth trajectory patterns: distressed posttraumatic growth (n = 5, 6.7%), illusory posttraumatic growth (n = 42, 56.0%), and constructive posttraumatic growth (n = 28, 37.3%). Women with more frequent use of helplessness-hopelessness coping and lower depression levels at Time 1 were more likely to display an illusory than a constructive posttraumatic growth trajectory pattern. Illusory posttraumatic growth might represent a form of coping rather than authentic positive changes. Researchers and clinicians should understand different patterns of posttraumatic growth.

Cognitive factors associated with depression and anxiety in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study / Factores cognitivos asociados con la depresión y la ansiedad en adolescentes: un estudio longitudinal de dos años

Background/Objective: To examine the roles of anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents. Method: 214 grade 7 to grade 10 Hong Kong Chinese students completed a package of psychometric inventories to measure levels of anxiety sensitivity, selective attentional processing, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2016 and then again in 2017. Results: Girls, when compared with boys, exhibited more anxiety symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in 2016. They also reported a significant increase in mean depression level from 2016 to 2017. Regression analyses revealed that the physical-concerns dimension of anxiety sensitivity, positive attentional bias, and to a lesser extent negative attentional bias were related to the development of both anxiety and depression symptoms one year later. Fear of mental incapacity could predict depression one year later but not anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Intervention through anxiety sensitivity training to reduce somatic concerns and attentional bias modification to increase habitual attention to positive stimuli and to disengage from negative stimuli can reduce anxiety and depression symptoms among high school students

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Examinar el rol de la sensibilidad a la ansiedad y del sesgo atencional en el desarrollo de los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en adolescentes. Método: Doscientos quatorce estudiantes que cursaban entre séptimo y décimo Grado completaron pruebas para medir niveles de sensibilidad a la ansiedad, procesamiento selectivo atencional y síntomas de ansiedad y depresivos en 2016 y 2017. Resultados: Las chicas mostraron más síntomas de ansiedad y de sensibilidad a la ansiedad en 2016, en comparación con los chicos, así como un aumento significativo en el nivel promedio de depresión entre 2016 y 2017. Los análisis de regresión revelaron que la dimensión relacionada con las preocupaciones físicas de la sensibilidad a la ansiedad, el sesgo atencional positivo y, en menor medida, el sesgo atencional negativo se asociaban al desarrollo de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos después de un año. El temor a la incapacidad mental predecía la depresión después de un año, pero no los síntomas de ansiedad. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento de la sensibilidad a la ansiedad para reducir problemas somáticos y la modificación del sesgo atencional para aumentar la atención habitual a estímulos positivos y desasirse de los negativos puede reducir la ansiedad y síntomas depresivos en estudiantes de Secundaria

Examining the psychometric properties of the Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory for patients suffering from chronic diseases.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory among Hong Kong chronic disease patients. Using a cross-sectional design and multistage stratification sampling, 265 chronic disease patients were recruited from a selection of non-governmental organizations and patient self-help groups across Hong Kong. The Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory total scale and subscales showed satisfactory internal consistency, reliability and concurrent validity. The factor structure of the Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory fit well with a higher-order intrapersonal factor (self, spiritual and life orientation) and a first-order interpersonal factor. The Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory was predictive of hope and positive coping but negatively predictive of anxiety. The five Chinese Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory subscales can help practitioners identify meaningful health outcomes for Chinese chronic disease patients.

Interaction of hope and optimism with anxiety and depression in a specific group of cancer survivors: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression have been identified as a common psychological distress faced by the majority of cancer patients. With the increasing number of cancer cases, increasing demands will be placed on health systems to address effective psychosocial care and therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the possible role of hope and optimism on anxiety and depression. We also wanted to investigate if there is a specific component of hope that could play a role in buffering anxiety and depression amongst cancer patients. METHODS: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in the outpatient station of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR-China. Fifty patients successfully treated for OC cancer were recruited after their informed consents had been obtained during the review clinic. During their regular follow-up controls in the outpatient clinic the patients compiled the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), hope scale (HS) and the life orientation scale-revised (LOT-R). RESULTS: Hope was negatively correlated with depression (r = -.55, p < .001) and anxiety (r = -.38, p < .05). Similar pattern was found between optimism and the latter adjustment outcomes (depression: r = -.55, p < .001; anxiety: r = -.35, p < .05). Regression analyses indentified that both hope and optimism were significant predictors of depression. Hope and optimism had equal association with depression (hope: ß = .40 versus optimism: ß = .38). Hope and optimism together were significantly predictive of anxiety, whereas neither hope nor optimism alone was significant individual predictors of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Hope and optimism both negatively correlated with patients' level of anxiety and depression. Besides theoretical implications, this study brings forward relevant findings related to developing specific clinical psychological care in the field of oncology that to date has not been researched specifically in the field of oncology. The results of this study will help guide the direction of future prospective studies in the field of oncology. This will contribute significantly to increasing patients quality of life as well enabling health care facilities to provide all cancer patients a more holistic cancer care.