Quarantine Treatments of Imported Nursery Plants and Exported Cut Flowers by Phosphine Gas (PH3) as Methyl Bromide Alternative.

Quarantine treatments by phosphine (PH3) gas have been performed to replace methyl bromide (MeBr) for export cut flowers and imported nursery plant in Korea. In this preliminary study, two dominant insect pests of cut flowers, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, and the dominant insect pest of nursery plants, Planococcus citri Risso, were used to certify optimum concentration and fumigation time, along with evaluation of phytotoxic damages. To validate the results of preliminary tests, quarantine treatments for export cut flowers was performed in a 58-m3 reefer container. When 14 species of cut flowers were fumigated with 2 g m-3 PH3 for 24 h (Ct product was 30.9 g h m-3) at 5 °C, all pests were effectively controlled and no phytotoxic damage were observed on roses and chrysanthemums. On quarantine trials for imported nursery trees, which was performed at 10 m3 scale covered with a PVC-tarpaulin tent, 2 g m-3 of PH3 for 24 h (Ct product was 30.0 g h m-3) at 15 °C was enough to kill all pests and no damage was observed on seven species of nursery plants. Phosphine gas shows the promise as MeBr alternative to perishable commodities in terms of efficacy to certain quarantine pest and maintenance of its quality as well as being a more environmentally safe fumigant.

Prognostic factors for surgical outcomes including preoperative total knee replacement and knee osteoarthritis status in female patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective clinical case series. OBJECTIVE: To investigate knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and total knee replacement (TKR) status as prognostic factors for surgical outcomes in female patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There have been many reports on numerous prognostic factors for surgical outcomes in patients with degenerative lumbar conditions; however, there has been no report on the surgical outcome in patients who underwent spinal surgery with coexisting KOA and TKR. METHODS: This study included 141 female patients (mean age, 67.6 y) who underwent spinal surgery for LSS between January 2006 and December 2010. At 1 year postoperatively, surgical outcomes were measured using the Oswestry disability index (ODI). Various clinical factors including KOA and TKR were analyzed as prognostic factors for surgical outcomes. RESULTS: Mean average scores at preoperative evaluation were 26.1±6.6 in the no KOA group, 23.6±7.9 in the KOA group, and 30.4±6.7 in the TKR group (P<0.05). Mean average scores at postoperative 1 year were 13.8±8.5 in the no KOA group, 16.8±9.5 in the KOA group, and 21.4±5.7 in the TKR group (P<0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Preoperative ODI scores were shown to be significantly affected by the TKR status only (P<0.05), and were significantly higher in the TKR patient group. ODI scores at postoperative 3 months were significantly correlated with the preoperative ODI and the operational level (P<0.05). At postoperative 1 year, ODI scores were shown to be affected by the operational level, the preoperative ODI, and the presence of advanced radiographic KOA (Kellgren/Lawrence grades III and IV) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A poor preoperative functional score, the presence of preoperative KOA, and longer operational levels were shown to be poor prognostic factors for the 1-year surgical outcome of LSS. Also, patients in the TKR group showed the worst ODI scores at preoperative and postoperative 1-year evaluations. Consideration of these factors when planning for spine surgery could be helpful in predicting the surgical outcomes of lumbar spinal surgery.

Cardiovascular effects of a novel selective Rho kinase inhibitor, 2-(1H-indazole-5-yl)amino-4-methoxy-6-piperazino triazine (DW1865).

The arising critical implications of Rho kinase signaling in cardiovascular diseases have been attracting attention in the pharmacological potential of Rho kinase inhibitors. We identified a novel inhibitor of Rho kinase (2-(1H-indazole-5-yl)amino-4-methoxy-6-piperazino triazine; DW 1865) and characterized its effects in biochemical, cellular, tissue and animal based assays. DW 1865 potently inhibited the kinase activity of both Rho kinase 1 and Rho kinase 2 in vitro, and behaved as an ATP-competitive inhibitor. Interestingly, DW1865 was 10 times more potent in inhibiting Rho kinase activities than fasudil as a selective Rho kinase inhibitor. The activity of DW1865 was shown to be highly selective for Rho kinase in the panel assay of 13 other kinases. In the isolated vascular tissue study, DW1865 exerted vasorelaxation in phenylephrine- or 5-hydroxytriptamine-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner manner. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, administration of DW1865 caused a significant and dose-related reduction in blood pressure. Furthermore, DW1865 blocked angiotensin II-induced stress fiber formation and cellular hypertrophy in rat heart-derived H9c2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that DW1865 is a highly selective and potent Rho kinase inhibitor that will alleviate the pathophysiological actions of Rho kinase such as stress fiber formation, cellular hypertrophy, and hypertension.