Freeform three-dimensional embedded polymer waveguides enabled by external-diffusion assisted two-photon lithography.

This paper introduces a unique method to fabricate free-form symmetrical three-dimensional single-mode waveguides embedded in a newly developed photopolymer. The fabrication process requires only one layer of a single material by combining two-photon lithography and external monomer diffusion resulting in a high refractive index contrast of 0.013. The cured material exhibits high chemical and thermal stability. Transmission loss of 0.37 dB/cm at 850 nm is achieved. Due to the fact that waveguide arrays are produced with high density, this technique could pave the way for three-dimensional optical interconnects at the board level with high complexity and bandwidth density.

Four-in-one interferometer for coherent and self-coherent detection.

A compact micro-optical interferometer is presented that combines two optical 90° hybrids or, alternatively, four delay interferometers into one interferometer structure sharing one tunable delay line. The interferometer can function as a frontend of either a coherent receiver or of a self-coherent receiver by adjusting the waveplates and the delay line. We built a prototype on a LIGA bench. We characterized the device and demonstrated its functionality by successful reception of a 112 Gbit/s signal.

Direct fabrication of PDMS waveguides via low-cost DUV irradiation for optical sensing.

We demonstrate the fabrication of single mode optical waveguides by irradiating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a low cost Hg lamp through a conventional quartz mask. By increasing the refractive index of the irradiated areas, waveguiding is achieved with an attenuation of 0.47 dB/cm at a wavelength of 635 nm. The refractive index change is stable in ambient air and water for time periods of more than 3 months. The excitation of water-dispersed fluorescent nanoparticles in the evanescent field of the waveguide is demonstrated.

Differential Rayleigh scattering method for measurement of polarization and intermodal beat length in optical waveguides and fibers.

We propose a modification of the Rayleigh scattering method, which allows for measurement of polarization and intermodal beat length in single-mode and few-mode channel waveguides and optical fibers. A significant sensitivity increase is achieved by taking two high-resolution photographs in oblique scattered light of π-shifted intensity distributions produced by interference of polarization or spatial modes and applying Fourier analysis to the differential image. In the case of polarization beat length measurements, the π-phase shift is obtained by switching the polarization state at the fiber input, while in intermodal measurements, the π-phase shifting is realized by changing the excitation conditions. The usefulness of the method for characterization of channel waveguides and optical fibers is demonstrated in several examples. Moreover, we show that the combination of the spectral interferometry method with the proposed method allows for broadband measurements of differential phase and group effective indices.