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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is defined as dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome associated with the depletion of Lactobacilli and excessive growth of commensal or pathogenic bacteria. This study investigated the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mixture (LM; InoRexyne™) on the vaginal bacterial community of Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis)-infected BV mice. Single LAB and LM exhibited antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting G. vaginalis growth and pro-inflammatory markers in RAW 264.7 cells. Administering LM did not significantly alter the vaginal architecture or fecal short-chain fatty acids but did significantly inhibit the vaginal interleukin-6 levels in the high LM group compared to the GV group. LM administration decreased the relative abundances of Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides vulgatus in vaginal flushing fluids compared to the GV group. LM partially alleviated BV by inhibiting G. vaginalis growth and modulating the vaginal bacterial community, providing new insights into its modulatory effects on the vaginal microbiome in BV. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01641-w.
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Previously, microbial communities of five commercial kimchi added with seafood and one kimchi without seafood were analyzed using a culture-independent (CI) method. In the current study, microbial communities of the same samples were analyzed using a culture-dependent (CD) method with two media: tryptic soy agar (TSA) and Lactobacilli de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. MRS agar showed a higher proportion of lactic acid bacteria, while TSA showed a higher proportion of Bacillus species. Leuconostoc mesenteroides became dominant over time except in kimchi added with hongeu (HBK, okamejei kenojei). In the case of HBK, Bacillus was dominant. The low pH of HBK was confirmed by cell size and heat treatment under pH 4-7 conditions that Bacillus could be present in the form of spores. With the CD method, only Lactococcus lactis, Leu. citreum, and Weissella cibaria were detected. With the CI method, only Pediococcus inopinatus was detected. A notable finding was that Leu. mesenteroides was more abundant than Latilactobacillus sakei with the CD method, whereas it was similar or lower with the CI method. This discrepancy was confirmed to be due to different rates of DNA recovered from the two strains. This shows that the assay method may influence the detection of these two strains.
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PURPOSE: Dyslipidemia is a major health issue worldwide. There is growing interest in understanding the potential role of kimchi consumption on serum lipid profiles. However, there are limited epidemiological studies available on this topic. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between kimchi intake and serum lipid profiles. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological study on participants (aged 40-69 years old) selected from the Health Examinees (HEXA) cohort study (n = 61,761). Four types of kimchi, including Baechu kimchi (cabbage kimchi), Kkakdugi (radish kimchi), Nabak kimchi/Dongchimi (a type of water kimchi made with fermented vegetables), and other kimchi, were assessed by a 106-food item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Each kimchi intake is the average value calculated from the FFQ of the baseline and follow-up surveys. Fasting blood data were obtained at baseline and follow-up visits. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the intake of kimchi and the change in serum lipid profiles. RESULTS: The mean years between the baseline survey and a follow-up survey was 4.97 years. In this study, compared to the lowest category (< 1 serving/day), Baechu kimchi intake (2- < 3 servings/day) had more negative correlations with the change in values of total cholesterol (ß: -1.600, 95% confidence interval [CI, -2.744, -0.456]), triglycerides (ß: -3.372, 95% CI [-5.414, -1.330]), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ß: -1.155, 95% CI [-2.214, -0.095]) in women. In men, Baechu kimchi intake (2- < 3 servings/day) had a more positive correlation associated with the changes in values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ß: 0.049, 95% CI [0.031, 0.907]) compared to the lowest intake category (< 1 serving/day). CONCLUSIONS: Among Korean adults, consumption of kimchi, particularly Baechu kimchi, was found to be associated with improvements in serum lipid profiles. Further studies are required to conduct additional interventions to confirm the association between kimchi and serum lipid profiles.
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Baechu-kimchi is a traditional Korean dish of fermented vegetables, in which kimchi cabbage is the major ingredient. Seafood is added to baechu-kimchi in coastal areas, giving this dish regional diversity. However, little is known about how the addition of seafood affects the bacterial diversity of kimchi. Therefore, in this study, the bacterial diversity of five varieties of baechu-kimchi with seafood and one variety of baechu-kimchi without seafood was analyzed using culture-independent techniques. In 81.7% of all kimchi analyzed, the predominant species were members of the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria, Latilactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus inopinatus, and Weissella koreensis. These organisms were similar to those identified in baechu-kimchi without the addition of seafood, which was used as a control group, and bacterial community of previously reported kimchi. Therefore, the results of this study confirmed that the addition of seafood did not significantly affect the bacterial community in baechu-kimchi.
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OBJECTIVE: Previous animal studies have shown the anti-obesity effect of kimchi-derived probiotic lactic acid bacteria. However, only a few epidemiological studies have investigated the association between kimchi consumption and obesity. Therefore, we aim to assess this relationship in Korean adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Health Examinees study was conducted from 2004 to 2013. PARTICIPANTS: This study analysed 115 726 participants aged 40-69 years enrolled in the Health Examinees study in Korea. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women. Kimchi consumption was assessed by the validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: In men, total kimchi consumption of 1-3 servings/day was related to a lower prevalence of obesity (OR: 0.875 in 1-2 servings/day and OR: 0.893 in 2-3 servings/day) compared with total kimchi consumption of <1 serving/day. Also, men with the highest baechu kimchi (cabbage kimchi) consumption had 10% lower odds of obesity and abdominal obesity. Participants who consumed kkakdugi (radish kimchi) ≥median were inversely associated with 8% in men and 11% in women with lower odds of abdominal obesity compared with non-consumers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Consumption of 1-3 servings/day of total kimchi was associated with a lower risk of obesity in men. Baechu kimchi was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in men, and kkakdugi was associated with a lower prevalence of abdominal obesity in both men and women. However, since all results showed a 'J-shaped' association, it is recommended to limit excessive kimchi intake.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Obesidad Abdominal , Adulto , Masculino , Animales , Humanos , Femenino , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Encuestas Nutricionales , Obesidad/epidemiología , Circunferencia de la Cintura , República de Corea/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi have various functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity activities, and are therefore widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical fields. To date, the health functionalities of LAB have been widely reported; however, those of kimchi fermented with LAB as a starter have rarely been reported. Therefore, research on the selection of LAB with anti-obesity activity and the health functionality of kimchi fermented with LAB is needed. In the present study, LAB with anti-obesity activity were initially selected by measuring the Oil-Red O intensity. Among the four LAB strains, anti-obesity activity was confirmed by measuring cell viability, lipid levels, and lipid accumulation. Then, starter kimchi (SK) was prepared by inoculating selected LABs, and its pH, total acidity, and salinity were compared with those of naturally fermented kimchi (NK). Lastly, anti-obesity activity was also investigated in 3T3-L1 cells. Selected LAB showed no cytotoxicity up to 107 CFU/ml, with Lactobacillus brevis JC7 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCKM0828 having higher inhibitory effects on TG, TC content and lipid accumulation. Most SKs showed fermentation properties similar to those of the NK. SKs showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations of up to 1,000 µg/ml. SKs showed strong inhibitory effects on TG content, lipid accumulation, and obesity-related gene and protein expressions. Taken together, the utilization of LAB as a starter could improve the health benefits of kimchi.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Hipercolesterolemia , Lactobacillales , Ratones , Animales , Células 3T3-L1 , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Fermentación , Lípidos , Alimentos Fermentados/microbiología , Microbiología de AlimentosRESUMEN
As cellular energy powerhouses, mitochondria undergo constant fission and fusion to maintain functional homeostasis. The conserved dynamin-like GTPase, Mitofusin2 (MFN2)/mitochondrial assembly regulatory factor (Marf), plays a role in mitochondrial fusion, mutations of which are implicated in age-related human diseases, including several neurodegenerative disorders. However, the regulation of MFN2/Marf-mediated mitochondrial fusion, as well as the pathologic mechanism of neurodegeneration, is not clearly understood. Here, we identified a novel interaction between MFN2/Marf and microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4)/PAR-1. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction, muscle-specific overexpression of MFN2/Marf decreased the number of synaptic boutons, and the loss of MARK4/PAR-1 alleviated the synaptic defects of MFN2/Marf overexpression. Downregulation of MARK4/PAR-1 rescued the mitochondrial hyperfusion phenotype caused by MFN2/Marf overexpression in the Drosophila muscles as well as in the cultured cells. In addition, knockdown of MARK4/PAR-1 rescued the respiratory dysfunction of mitochondria induced by MFN2/Marf overexpression in mammalian cells. Together, our results indicate that the interaction between MFN2/Marf and MARK4/PAR-1 is fine-tuned to maintain synaptic integrity and mitochondrial homeostasis, and its dysregulation may be implicated in neurologic pathogenesis.
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Proteínas de Drosophila , Mitocondrias , Sinapsis , Animales , Humanos , Drosophila , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , GTP Fosfohidrolasas/genética , Mamíferos , Microtúbulos , Mitocondrias/patología , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Sinapsis/patologíaRESUMEN
The impact of kimchi intake on weight management has been a topic of interest. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological study to investigate the association between kimchi intake and weight loss. Participants were selected from the Health Examinees cohort study. Kimchi intake was assessed by a 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, including four types of kimchi. Obesity was defined according to the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity guidelines. We performed a correlation analysis among all participants (N = 58 290) and conducted a prospective risk assessment analysis among participants with a baseline BMI value ≥25 kg m-2 (N = 20 066). In the correlation analysis, higher kimchi consumption was found to be associated with a lower increment in BMI change (men, ß 0.169, 95% CI (0.025, 0.313); women, ß 0.140, 95% CI (0.046, 0.236)) compared with the lower group. The risk assessment analysis indicated that moderate kimchi consumption is associated with normal weight development in men (Q3, hazard ratio, 1.28, 95% CI (1.06, 1.54)). Baechu [cabbage] kimchi intake also showed a significant association among men participants (all p for trend <0.05). In conclusion, moderate kimchi intake was associated with weight loss among middle-aged and older Koreans, especially in men.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Obesidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Humanos , Femenino , Anciano , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios de Cohortes , Obesidad/epidemiología , Pérdida de Peso , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
Natural antimicrobial substances are needed as alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials to protect against foodborne pathogens. In this study, a bacteriocin-producing bacterium, Bacillus subtilis HD15, was isolated from doenjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean paste. We sequenced the complete genome of B. subtilis HD15. This genome size was 4,173,431 bp with a G + C content of of 43.58%, 4,305 genes, and 4,222 protein-coding genes with predicted functions, including a subtilosin A gene cluster. The bacteriocin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Diethylaminoethanol-Sepharose chromatography, and Sephacryl gel filtration, with 12.4-fold purification and 26.2% yield, respectively. The purified protein had a molecular weight of 3.6 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed the highest similarity to Bacillus subtilis 168 subtilosin A (78%) but only 68% similarity to B. tequilensis subtilosin proteins, indicating that the antimicrobial substance isolated from B. subtilis HD15 is a novel bacteriocin related to subtilosin A. The purified protein from B. subtilis HD15 exhibited high antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. It showed stable activity in the range 0-70°C and pH 2-10 and was completely inhibited by protease, proteinase K, and pronase E treatment, suggesting that it is a proteinaceous substance. These findings support the potential industrial applications of the novel bacteriocin purified from B. subtilis HD15.
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Bacteriocinas , Listeria monocytogenes , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Bacillus cereus/genética , Bacteriocinas/genética , Bacteriocinas/farmacología , Bacteriocinas/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/química , Listeria monocytogenes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Acid tolerance is an important feature of probiotic development. It is one of the factors underlying the beneficial effects of probiotics in the intestine. However, the methods used by different researchers to test acid tolerance vary, causing confusion in the interpretation of the results. Therefore, in this study, we determine the optimal conditions for the acid tolerance test using response surface methodology. The factors of pH (2.5 to 3.5), exposure time (1 to 2 h), and pepsin (presence or absence) were used as independent variables, and the survival rates of seven strains (Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC 12413, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KACC 15357, Limosilactobacillus fermentum KACC 11441, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KCTC 21024, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WiKim 0112) known to have probiotic properties were used as dependent variables. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the pH value and exposure time in acidic environments significantly affected the acid tolerance test model, and their interaction also had an effect (P < 0.05). Using the ANOVA results, the condition of the acid tolerance test was optimized with a target of an 85% survival rate for each strain. The optimized conditions of the acid tolerance test were as follows: pH 2.92, exposure time of 1.73 h, and presence of pepsin and pH 3, exposure time of 1.98 h, and absence of pepsin. These results can optimize strain selection with rigorous acid tolerance without confusion by unifying the conditions for the acid tolerance test. IMPORTANCE The acid tolerance test, which is the first step in selecting probiotics, is not standardized and can often cause confusion in the interpretation of results. Thus, in the present study, we optimized the conditions for the acid tolerance test using response surface methodology. These optimized conditions can be used to screen for strains with acid tolerance.
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Lactobacillus plantarum , Probióticos , Intestinos , Lactobacillaceae , Lactobacillus plantarum/fisiología , Pepsina A/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Gastrointestinal health depends on the adaptive immune system tolerating the foreign proteins in food1,2. This tolerance is paradoxical because the immune system normally attacks foreign substances by generating inflammation. Here we addressed this conundrum by using a sensitive cell enrichment method to show that polyclonal CD4+ T cells responded to food peptides, including a natural one from gliadin, by proliferating weakly in secondary lymphoid organs of the gut-liver axis owing to the action of regulatory T cells. A few food-specific T cells then differentiated into T follicular helper cells that promoted a weak antibody response. Most cells in the expanded population, however, lacked canonical T helper lineage markers and fell into five subsets dominated by naive-like or T follicular helper-like anergic cells with limited capacity to form inflammatory T helper 1 cells. Eventually, many of the T helper lineage-negative cells became regulatory T cells themselves through an interleukin-2-dependent mechanism. Our results indicate that exposure to food antigens causes cognate CD4+ naive T cells to form a complex set of noncanonical hyporesponsive T helper cell subsets that lack the inflammatory functions needed to cause gut pathology and yet have the potential to produce regulatory T cells that may suppress it.
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Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos , Alimentos , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Alérgenos/inmunología , Formación de Anticuerpos , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/citología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Proteínas en la Dieta/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/citología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Gliadina/inmunología , Tolerancia Inmunológica/inmunología , Inflamación , Interleucina-2/inmunología , Hígado/citología , Hígado/inmunología , Tejido Linfoide/citología , Tejido Linfoide/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/citología , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/citología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Células TH1/citología , Células TH1/inmunologíaRESUMEN
White colony-forming yeasts (WCFYs) have been reported to form a white colony on the surface of kimchi, resulting in the deterioration of kimchi sensory quality. However, toxicity of WCFY has rarely been studied. Thus, to evaluate the safety of WCFY (i.e., Kazachstania servazzii, Candia sake, and Pichia kudriavzevii), we conducted cell and animal experiments as well as genomic analysis. In vitro studies indicated that WCFY did not induce cytotoxic responses such as lactate dehydrogenase release, excessive oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage at concentrations of up to 2.5 × 105 CFU/mL in human intestinal and liver cells. In animal studies using rats (single-dose and 14-day repeated-dose oral toxicity studies), WCFY did not induce death, clinical signs of toxicity, histological alterations of the liver, or increases in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines nor cytochrome P450-2E1 in liver tissue at concentrations of up to 5 × 108 CFU/head/day. Genomic analysis revealed that P. kudriavzevii did not harbor genes related to toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. Taken together, our data suggest that exposure to WCFY through kimchi intake did not induce toxic response in the Caco-2, HepG2, and Sprague-Dawley rats. The current work provides evidence for the safety of accidental major WCFY ingestion via kimchi.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Levaduras , Animales , Células CACO-2 , Genómica , Humanos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Levaduras/genética , Levaduras/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dietary antigens affect the adaptive immunity of the host by inducing regulatory T cells and IgE-producing B cells. However, their roles in innate immune compartments such as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are unclear. Here, using antigen-free (AF) mice, which are germ-free (GF) mice fed with amino-acid-based diet, we found dietary proteins suppress the development of GATA-3-expressing ILC2s independent of the adaptive immune cells. These cells produce more type 2 cytokines and upregulated proliferation and activation markers such as Ki-67, CD69, and CD25. With this, AF mice had increased expressions of tuft cell-specific transcripts such as Il25, Il33, Dclk1, Trpm5, and Pou2f3 in IECs. Accordingly, expanded ILC2s upregulated IL-17RB, a receptor of IL-25, and their proliferation was blocked by IL-25 neutralizing or IL-17RB blocking antibodies. These results suggest a new dialogue between dietary antigens, IECs, and ILCs in which dietary antigens suppress ILC2 activation and proliferation by restraining homeostatic IL-25 production, potentially limiting type 2 immunity by food antigens.
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Inmunidad Innata , Linfocitos , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Citocinas , Dieta , RatonesRESUMEN
In the present study, the properties of the Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum WiKim0112 isolated from kimchi were evaluated by comparing its probiotic properties to those of Lpb. plantarum WCFS1 and KACC 11451 isolated from different sources. In both pH 2 and 3, media containing pepsin, Wikim0112, and WCFS1 showed higher cell viability than KACC11451. Viability of all Lpb. plantarum strains in a medium containing pancreatin and bile salt oxgall was significantly decreased compared to the control. WCFS1 showed the highest thermotolerance, followed by Wikim0112 and KACC11451. Wikim0112 showed a similar level of antibacterial activity to WCFS1 and exhibited an overall higher antibacterial activity than KACC11451 against six pathogens. All Lpb. plantatum strains showed high antioxidant activities in SOD, DPPH, and ABTS assays, especially Wikim0112 and WCFS1 exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than KACC11451. All Lpb. plantarum strains showed approximately 60-62% adhesion rates to Caco-2 cells. Moreover, in LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells, all Lpb. plantarum strains significantly decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α); Wikim0112 significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Wikim0112 was resistant to streptomycin and vancomycin, whereas WCFS1 and KACC11451 were resistant to four (clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and vancomycin) and three (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and vancomycin) antibiotics, respectively. These results, taken together, indicated that compared to Lpb. plantarum strains isolated from different sources, Wikim0112 showed desirable probiotic properties, suggesting its potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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The key to battling the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential aftermath is to develop a variety of vaccines that are efficacious and safe, elicit lasting immunity, and cover a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Recombinant viral receptor-binding domains (RBDs) are safe vaccine candidates but often have limited efficacy due to the lack of virus-like immunogen display pattern. Here we have developed a novel virus-like nanoparticle (VLP) vaccine that displays 120 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RBD on its surface. This VLP-RBD vaccine mimics virus-based vaccines in immunogen display, which boosts its efficacy, while maintaining the safety of protein-based subunit vaccines. Compared to the RBD vaccine, the VLP-RBD vaccine induced five times more neutralizing antibodies in mice that efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 from attaching to its host receptor and potently neutralized the cell entry of variant SARS-CoV-2 strains, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-1-related bat coronavirus. These neutralizing immune responses induced by the VLP-RBD vaccine did not wane during the two-month study period. Furthermore, the VLP-RBD vaccine effectively protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, dramatically reducing the development of clinical signs and pathological changes in immunized mice. The VLP-RBD vaccine provides one potentially effective solution to controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Nanopartículas/uso terapéutico , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Diseño de Fármacos , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Pulmón/virología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Dominios Proteicos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The intestine harbors a complex community of bacterial species collectively known as commensal microbiota. Specific species of resident bacteria, as known as pathobiont, have pathogenic potential and can induce apparent damage to the host and intestinal inflammation in a certain condition. However, the host immune factors that permit its commensalism under steady state conditions are not clearly understood. Here, we studied the gut fitness of Listeria monocytogenes by using germ-free (GF) mice orally infected with this food-borne pathogen. L. monocytogenes persistently exists in the gut of GF mice without inducing chronic immunopathology. L. monocytogenes at the late phase of infection is not capable of infiltrating through the intestinal barrier. L. monocytogenes established the commensalism through the reversible down regulation of virulence gene expression. CD8+ T cells were found to be sufficient for the commensalism of L. monocytogenes. CD8+ T cells responding to L. monocytogenes contributed to the down-regulation of virulence gene expression. Our data provide important insights into the host-microbe interaction and have implications for developing therapeutics against immune disorders induced by intestinal pathogens or pathobionts.
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Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Vida Libre de Gérmenes , Listeria monocytogenes/fisiología , Simbiosis , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Vida Libre de Gérmenes/inmunología , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Listeria monocytogenes/genética , Listeria monocytogenes/patogenicidad , Ratones , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/metabolismo , Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
White colony-forming yeast (WCFY), also referred to as film forming yeast or spoilage yeast, that appear on the surface of kimchi can deteriorate the sensory properties of kimchi, such as odor and texture. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a method to inhibit the formation of the white colony in kimchi. First, alterations in kimchi manufacturing and storage conditions, including temperatures, pH, salinity, and anaerobic condition, were investigated to determine if they could inhibit the growth of WCFY (i.e., Kazachstania servazzii, Candida sake, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Hanseniaspora uvarum). Thereafter, the anti yeast activity of freeze-dried garlic powder (FGP) and cinnamon ethanol extract (CEE) was evaluated against WCFY using the agar-well diffusion assay. Following the direct application of FGP and CEE to the surface of the kimchi, the inhibitory effects on white colony were determined. The results showed that WCFY can grow under various manufacturing and storage conditions of kimchi. Regarding the growth inhibitory effect on WCFY, FGP exhibited anti yeast activity against four WCFYs. It did not show anti yeast activity against K. servazzii. However, CEE showed anti yeast activity against K. servazzii. In particular, the mixture of 10% FGP and 1.75% CEE, which was manufactured considering the influence of sensory properties in kimchi, exhibited anti yeast activity against all WCFY. Furthermore, the application of the FGP and CEE mixture supplemented with 0.02% xanthan gum to kimchi to enhance adhesion to the kimchi surface, led to a delay in the formation of a white colony on the surface of the kimchi by an average of 17 d at 10 °C compared to the control group. Collectively, the use of a FGP, CEE, and xanthan gum mixture could be an effective method for the inhibition of white colony formation on the surface of kimchi, extending its shelf life.
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Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1) cells are critical for protection from microbes that infect the phagosomes of myeloid cells. Current understanding of Th1 cell differentiation is based largely on reductionist cell culture experiments. We assessed Th1 cell generation in vivo by studying antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during infection with the phagosomal pathogen Salmonella enterica (Se), or influenza A virus (IAV), for which CD4+ T cells are less important. Both microbes induced T follicular helper (Tfh) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)-independent Th1 cells. During Se infection, however, the Th1 cells subsequently outgrew the Tfh cells via an IL-12-dependent process and formed subsets with increased IFN-γ production, ZEB2-transcription factor-dependent cytotoxicity, and capacity to control Se infection. Our results indicate that many infections induce a module that generates Tfh and poorly differentiated Th1 cells, which is followed in phagosomal infections by an IL-12-dependent Th1 cell amplification module that is critical for pathogen control.
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Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Células TH1/inmunología , Animales , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Línea Celular , Drosophila/inmunología , Femenino , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Interleucina-12/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses correlates inversely with human disease severity, suggesting T cell involvement in primary control. Whereas many COVID-19 vaccines focus on establishing humoral immunity to viral spike protein, vaccine-elicited T cell immunity may bolster durable protection or cross-reactivity with viral variants. To better enable mechanistic and vaccination studies in mice, we identified a dominant CD8 T cell SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein epitope. Infection of human ACE2 transgenic mice with SARS-CoV-2 elicited robust responses to H2-Db/N219-227, and 40% of HLA-A*02+ COVID-19 PBMC samples isolated from hospitalized patients responded to this peptide in culture. In mice, i.m. prime-boost nucleoprotein vaccination with heterologous vectors favored systemic CD8 T cell responses, whereas intranasal boosting favored respiratory immunity. In contrast, a single i.v. immunization with recombinant adenovirus established robust CD8 T cell memory both systemically and in the respiratory mucosa.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Vacunación/métodos , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/genética , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animales , COVID-19/virología , Células Cultivadas , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside de Coronavirus/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Vectores Genéticos/inmunología , Antígeno HLA-A2/inmunología , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones TransgénicosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Korean radish water kimchi (dongchimi). A total of 800 isolates of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from kimchi, and the strain having reduction and tolerance capability for nitrate and nitrite was selected and identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB5 (LPLB5) by 16S rRNA sequencing. LPLB5 showed higher tolerance to acidic pH values (pH 2.5), 0.3% bile salts, and heat treatment (40, 50, and 60 °C). Antibacterial activity showed strong inhibition against four food-borne pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 35150, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCCM 12539, Listeria monocytogenes KCCM 40307, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923). The strain did not show any antibiotic resistance, ß-hemolytic activity, or ability to produce ß-glucuronidase. LPLB5 also exhibited a 30% auto-aggregation ability and 33-60% co-aggregation ability with four pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157: H7 ATCC 35150, E. coli KCTC 2571, L. monocytogenes ATCC 51776, and S. aureus ATCC 25923). Moreover, the strain showed approximately 40% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical- and 10% 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity. In cell culture studies, human colon epithelial cells (Caco-2) were treated with LPLB5 (106 and 107 CFU/mL); the bacteria showed more than 70% adherence onto and a 32% invasion rate into the Caco-2 cells. LPLB5 significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and increased the mRNA expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Our data suggest that LPLB5 is safe and possesses probiotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.