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1.
Cogn Process ; 25(1): 89-106, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37995082

RESUMEN

Laughter is one of the most common non-verbal features; however, contrary to the previous assumptions, it may also act as signals of bonding, affection, emotional regulation agreement or empathy (Scott et al. Trends Cogn Sci 18:618-620, 2014). Although previous research agrees that laughter does not form a uniform group in many respects, different types of laughter have been defined differently by individual research. Due to the various definitions of laughter, as well as their different methodologies, the results of the previous examinations were often contradictory. The analysed laughs were often recorded in controlled, artificial situations; however, less is known about laughs from social conversations. Thus, the aim of the present study is to examine the acoustic realisation, as well as the automatic classification of laughter that appear in human interactions according to whether listeners consider them to be voluntary or involuntary. The study consists of three parts using a multi-method approach. Firstly, in the perception task, participants had to decide whether the given laughter seemed to be rather involuntary or voluntary. In the second part of the experiment, those sound samples of laughter were analysed that were considered to be voluntary or involuntary by at least 66.6% of listeners. In the third part, all the sound samples were grouped into the two categories by an automatic classifier. The results showed that listeners were able to distinguish laughter extracted from spontaneous conversation into two different types, as well as the distinction was possible on the basis of the automatic classification. In addition, there were significant differences in acoustic parameters between the two groups of laughter. The results of the research showed that, although the distinction between voluntary and involuntary laughter categories appears based on the analysis of everyday, spontaneous conversations in terms of the perception and acoustic features, there is often an overlap in the acoustic features of voluntary and involuntary laughter. The results will enrich our previous knowledge of laughter and help to describe and explore the diversity of non-verbal vocalisations.


Asunto(s)
Risa , Humanos , Risa/fisiología , Risa/psicología , Comunicación , Empatía , Acústica , Sonido
2.
iScience ; 26(7): 107207, 2023 Jul 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37534180

RESUMEN

Molecular interactions between anorexigenic leptin and orexigenic endocannabinoids, although of great metabolic significance, are not well understood. We report here that hypothalamic STAT3 signaling in mice, initiated by physiological elevations of leptin, is diminished by agonists of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R). Measurement of STAT3 activation by semi-automated confocal microscopy in cultured neurons revealed that this CB1R-mediated inhibition requires both T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) and ß-arrestin1 but is independent of changes in cAMP. Moreover, ß-arrestin1 translocates to the nucleus upon CB1R activation and binds both STAT3 and TC-PTP. Consistently, CB1R activation failed to suppress leptin signaling in ß-arrestin1 knockout mice in vivo, and in neural cells deficient in CB1R, ß-arrestin1 or TC-PTP. Altogether, CB1R activation engages ß-arrestin1 to coordinate the TC-PTP-mediated inhibition of the leptin-evoked neuronal STAT3 response. This mechanism may restrict the anorexigenic effects of leptin when hypothalamic endocannabinoid levels rise, as during fasting or in diet-induced obesity.

3.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 12: 740913, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34745007

RESUMEN

The G protein-coupled type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) mediates virtually all classic cannabinoid effects, and both its agonists and antagonists hold major therapeutic potential. Heterologous expression of receptors is vital for pharmacological research, however, overexpression of these proteins may fundamentally alter their localization pattern, change the signalling partner preference and may also spark artificial clustering. Additionally, recombinant CB1Rs are prone to intense proteasomal degradation, which may necessitate substantial modifications, such as N-terminal truncation or signal sequence insertion, for acceptable cell surface expression. We report here that tuning down the expression intensity of the full-length CB1R reduces proteasomal degradation and offers receptor levels that are comparable to those of endogenous CB1 receptors. As opposed to high-efficiency expression with conventional promoters, weak promoter-driven CB1R expression provides ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK signalling that closely resemble the activity of endogenous CB1Rs. Moreover, weakly expressed CB1R variants exhibit plasma membrane localization, preserve canonical Gi-signalling but prevent CB1R-Gs coupling observed with high-expression variants. Based on these findings, we propose that lowering the expression level of G protein-coupled receptors should always be considered in heterologous expression systems in order to reduce the pressure on the proteasomal machinery and to avoid potential signalling artefacts.


Asunto(s)
Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/biosíntesis , Línea Celular , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico , Humanos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal , ARN Interferente Pequeño/farmacología , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo
4.
Nanotechnology ; 32(39)2021 Jul 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34139677

RESUMEN

Spark ablation, a versatile, gas-phase physical nanoparticle synthesis method was employed to fabricate fiber-optic surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors in a simple single-step process. We demonstrate that spark-generated silver nanoparticles can be simply deposited onto a fiber tip by means of a modified low-pressure inertial impactor, thus providing significant surface enhancement for fiber-based Raman measurements. The surface morphology of the produced sensors was characterized along with the estimation of the enhancement factor and the inter- and intra-experimental variation of the measured Raman spectrum as well as the investigation of the concentration dependence of the SERS signal. The electric field enhancement over the deposited silver nanostructure was simulated in order to facilitate the better understanding of the performance of the fabricated SERS sensors. A potential application in the continuous monitoring of a target molecule was demonstrated on a simple model system.

5.
Clin Linguist Phon ; 29(3): 185-200, 2015 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25421354

RESUMEN

This study explored auditory speech processing and comprehension abilities in 5-8-year-old monolingual Hungarian children with functional articulation disorders (FADs) and their typically developing peers. Our main hypothesis was that children with FAD would show co-existing auditory speech processing disorders, with different levels of these skills depending on the nature of the receptive processes. The tasks included (i) sentence and non-word repetitions, (ii) non-word discrimination and (iii) sentence and story comprehension. Results suggest that the auditory speech processing of children with FAD is underdeveloped compared with that of typically developing children, and largely varies across task types. In addition, there are differences between children with FAD and controls in all age groups from 5 to 8 years. Our results have several clinical implications.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de la Articulación/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Percepción Auditiva/diagnóstico , Percepción del Habla , Trastornos de la Articulación/psicología , Trastornos de la Articulación/terapia , Trastornos de la Percepción Auditiva/psicología , Niño , Preescolar , Comprensión , Femenino , Humanos , Hungría , Masculino , Pruebas de Discriminación del Habla , Logopedia
6.
Eur J Nutr ; 45(5): 259-66, 2006 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16575496

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: A number of clinical trials have successfully been performed using whey and/or soy proteins in the treatment of many diseases. They both have antioxidant properties, which appears to be a factor in aerobic physical performance as well. In addition, these are the most often used supplements that sportsmen take to increase their performance. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the effect of whey and soy protein supplementation on redox parameters in the muscle, on body weight, and body composition in swimming-trained and non-trained animals. METHODS: The effect of whey and soy protein-isolate supplementation on muscle redox parameters, body weight, and body composition in trained and non-trained mice was investigated after a single exhaustive bout of exercise. Steady state free radical concentration measured using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, reduced and oxidized glutathione ratio, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyl levels of the red leg muscle were measured. RESULTS: Free radical concentrations and glutathione composition of the tissue indicated that whey protein supplementation of the regular diet was able to prevent oxidative stress regardless of training. Soy protein supplementation decreased TBARS only in the muscle of untrained animals, while training per se lowered protein damage in all investigated groups. A mixture of soy and whey protein supplementation resulted in leaner animals after training, but had no synergistic effect on either of the measured redox parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes consuming these supplements could train with higher exercise intensity. The antioxidant effect of the two proteins is based on different mechanisms of action.


Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de la Leche/administración & dosificación , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Proteínas de Soja/administración & dosificación , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Espectroscopía de Resonancia por Spin del Electrón/métodos , Glutatión/análisis , Glutatión/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Oxidación-Reducción , Distribución Aleatoria , Natación/fisiología , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análisis , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Proteína de Suero de Leche
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