Dietary polyphenols regulate appetite mechanism via gut-brain axis and gut homeostasis.

Nowadays, due to the rise of fast-food consumption, the metabolic diseases are increasing as a result of high-sugar and high-fat diets. Therefore, there is an urgent need for natural, healthy and side-effect-free diets in daily life. Whole grain supplementation can enhance satiety and regulate energy metabolism, effects that have been attributed to polyphenol content. Dietary polyphenols interact with gut microbiota to produce intermediate metabolites that can regulate appetite while also enhancing prebiotic effects. This review considers how interactions between gut metabolites and dietary polyphenols might regulate appetite by acting on the gut-brain axis. In addition, further advances in the study of dietary polyphenols and gut microbial metabolites on energy metabolism and gut homeostasis are summarized. This review contributes to a better understanding of how dietary polyphenols regulate appetite via the gut-brain axis, thereby providing nutritional references for citizens' dietary preferences.

Mn-modified porphyrin metal-organic framework mediated colorimetric and photothermal dual-channel probe for sensitive detection of organophosphorus pesticides.

Herein, a novel dual-mode probe for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) colorimetric and photothermal detection was developed based on manganese modified porphyrin metal-organic framework (PCN-224-Mn). PCN-224-Mn had excellent oxidase-like activity and oxidized colorless 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue-green oxidation state TMB (oxTMB), which exhibited high temperature under near-infrared irradiation. l-ascorbate-2-phosphate was hydrolyzed by acid phosphatase to produce ascorbic acid, which weakened colorimetric and photothermal signals by impacting oxTMB generation. The presence of OPs blocked the production of ascorbic acid by irreversibly inhibiting the activity of acid phosphatase, causing the restoration of chromogenic reaction and the increase of temperature. Under the optimal conditions, the probe showed a good linear response to OPs in the concentration range of 5 âˆ¼ 10000 ng/mL, using glyphosate as the analog. The detection limits of glyphosate in colorimetric mode and photothermal mode were 1.47 ng/mL and 2.00 ng/mL, respectively. The probe was successfully used for sensitive identification of OPs residues in tea, brown rice, and wheat flour. This work proposes a simple and reliable colorimetric/photothermal platform for OPs identification, which overcomes the problem that single-mode detection probes are susceptible to external factors, and has broad application potential in the field of food safety.

Selenium foliar application contributes to decrease ratio of water-soluble fluoride and improve physio-biochemical components in tea leaves.

The tea plant accumulates elevated levels of fluoride (F) from environmental sources. Drinking tea containing high F levels poses a potential threat to human health. Selenium (Se) was applied by foliar spray to investigate its effects on F accumulation and physiology in tea plant. Foliar application of different forms of Se, i.e., Na2SeO3, Kappa-selenocarrageenan, Selenomethionine and Nanoselenium, reduced F content in tea leaves by 10.17 %-44.28 %, 16.12 %-35.41 %, 22.19 %-45.99 % and 22.24 %-43.82 %, respectively. Foliar spraying Se could increase F accumulation in pectin through increasing pectin content and pectin demethylesterification to bind more F in the cell wall, which decreased the proportion of water-soluble fluoride in tea leaves. Application of Se significantly decreased the contents of chromium (39.6 %-72.0 %), cadmium (48.3 %-84.4 %), lead (2.2 %-44.4 %) and copper (14.1 %-44.6 %) in tea leaves. Foliar spraying various forms of Se dramatically increased the Se content and was efficiently transformed into organic Se accounting for more than 80 % in tea leaves. All Se compounds increased peroxidase activity by 3.3 %-35.5 % and catalase activity by 2.6 %-99.4 %, reduced malondialdehyde content by 5.6 %-37.1 %, and increased the contents of chlorophyll by 0.65 %-31.8 %, carotenoids by 0.24 %-27.1 %, total catechins by 1.6 %-21.0 %, EGCG by 4.4 %-17.6 % and caffeine by 9.1 %-28.6 %. These results indicated that Se application could be served as a potential efficient and safe strategy diminishing the concentration of F in tea leaves.

Capability of phytoremediation of glyphosate in environment by Vulpia myuros.

Glyphosate is an herbicide extensively used worldwide that can remain in the soil. Phytoremediation to decontaminate polluted water or soil requires a plant that can accumulate the target compound. Vulpia myuros is an annual fescue that can be used as a heavy mental phytoremediation strategy. Recently, it has been used to intercrop with tea plant to prohibit the germination and growth of other weeds in tea garden. In order to know whether it can be used an decontaminating glyphosate' plant in water or soil, in this study, glyphosate degradation behavior was investigated in Vulpia myuros cultivated in a hydroponic system. The results showed that the concentration of glyphosate in the nutrient solution decreased from 43.09 µg mL-1 to 0.45 µg mL-1 in 30 days and that 99% of the glyphosate molecules were absorbed by V. myuros. The contents of glyphosate in the roots reached the maximum (224.33 mg kg-1) on day 1 and then decreased. After 3 days, the content of glyphosate in the leaves reached the highest value (215.64 mg kg-1), while it decreased to 156.26 mg kg-1 in the roots. The dissipation dynamics of glyphosate in the whole hydroponic system fits the first-order kinetic model C = 455.76e-0.21 t, with a half-life of 5.08 days. Over 30 days, 80% of the glyphosate was degraded. The contents of the glyphosate metabolite amino methyl phosphoric acid (AMPA), ranged from 0.103 mg kg-1 on day 1-0.098 mg kg-1 on day 30, not changing significantly over time. The Croot/solution, Cleaf/solution and Cleaf/root were used to express the absorption, transfer, and distribution of glyphosate in V. myuros. These results indicated that glyphosate entered into the root system through free diffusion, which was influenced by both the log Kow and the concentration of glyphosate in the nutrient solution, and that glyphosate was either easily transferred to the leaves through the transpiration stream, accumulated, or degraded. The degradation of glyphosate in V. myuros indicated that it has potential as a remediating plant for environmental restoration.

A Comparable icELISA and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Sensitive and Rapid Detection of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide in Chicken.

4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) is a key component and marker residue of nicarbazin, which forms residues in edible tissue and then causes nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in humans if used excessively. To simplify sample preparation and monitor the DNC rapidly and accurately, a comparable icELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) was developed in this study. Briefly, the reaction parameters were explored for improving the sensitivity of icELISA and LFIA. Under the optimal conditions, methanol was selected as the extracting solvent for DNC in chicken, and 20- and 10-fold dilutions of sample extraction eliminated the matrix effect for icELISA and LFIA, separately. After sample pretreatment, the analysis properties of icELISA and LFIA were compared. The limit of detection of icELISA for DNC was 0.8 µg/kg, and the visual and quantitative limits of detection of LFIA were 8 and 2.5 µg/kg. Compared with icELISA, LFIA showed lower sensitivity but obvious advantages in terms of matrix tolerance and detection time (within 15 min). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the developed assays satisfied the detection requirement even if using simple sample pretreatment. This comparable icELISA and LFIA provided mutual verifiability methods for the accurate detection of DNC in chicken.

Enzyme-mediated Ru@UiO-66@MnO2 NSs/thiamine-based ratiometric fluorescence sensor for visual detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues.

In view of the potential hazards of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), this paper constructed a ratiometric fluorescent probe utilizing a functionalized metal-organic framework to detect OPs. Ru(bpy)3Cl2 was encapsulated inside UiO-66 as a reference signal, and MnO2 nanosheets (MnO2 NSs) were grown on the surface to obtain Ru@UiO-66@MnO2 NSs. Acetylcholinesterase catalyzed the decomposition of acetylcholine into reductive thiocholine, which consumed MnO2 NSs, thus restoring the Ru@UiO-66 fluorescence. Due to the enzymatic inhibition of OPs and the redox reaction between MnO2 NSs and thiamine, this probe emitted blue fluorescence in the presence of OPs. The probe achieved linear responses to dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos with LODs of 9.99 × 10-6 µg mL-1 and 9.99 × 10-5 µg mL-1. The probe exhibited a satisfactory recovery rate for OPs in green tea. Furthermore, a hydrogel detection platform was developed by embedding the probe into sodium alginate. Overall, this work provides a visual approach to detect OPs in agricultural products.

Lipidomic profiling study on neurobehavior toxicity in zebrafish treated with aflatoxin B1.

Mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been proven to cause neurotoxicity, but its potential interference with the normal function of brain tissue is not fully defined. As the indispensable role of lipids in maintaining the normal function of brain tissue, the aim of this study is to clarify the effect of AFB1 short-term (7 days) exposure on brain tissue from the perspective of lipid metabolism. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to two concentrations (5, 20 µg/L). Through quantitative analysis of AFB1, the detection of AFB1 in zebrafish brain tissue was discovered for the first time, combined with the changes in zebrafish neurobehavior, the occurrence of brain injury was deduced. Subsequently, 1734 lipids in zebrafish brain tissue were mapped using ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-IMS-MS), which has great advantages in lipid detection. Comparative analysis of the abnormal lipid metabolism in zebrafish brain revealed 114 significantly changed lipids, mainly involving two pathways of sphingolipid metabolism and fatty acid degradation. This study discovered the detection of AFB1 in the brain and revealed a potential link between AFB1-induced behavioral abnormalities and lipid metabolism disorders in brain tissue, providing reliable evidence for elucidating the neurotoxicity of AFB1.

Tracing the origin of Taiping Houkui green tea using 1H NMR and HS-SPME-GC-MS chemical fingerprints, data fusion and chemometrics.

The narrow geographical traceability of green tea is both important and challenging. This study aimed to establish multi-technology metabolomic and chemometric approaches to finely discriminate the geographic origins of green teas. Taiping Houkui green tea samples were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H NMR of polar (D2O) and non-polar (CDCl3). Common dimension, low-level and mid-level data fusion approaches were tested to verify if the combination of several analytical sources can improve the classification ability of samples from different origins. In assessments of tea from six origins, the single instrument data test set results in 40.00% to 80.00% accuracy. Data fusion improved single-instrument performance classification with mid-level data fusion to obtain 93.33% accuracy in the test set. These results provide comprehensive metabolomic insights into the origin of TPHK fingerprinting and open up new metabolomic approaches for quality control in the tea industry.

Zirconium/lanthanum-modified chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite adsorbent for rapid removal of fluoride.

A novel and easily separable adsorbent in the shape of a membrane for the rapid removal of fluoride from water was prepared after testing Zr, La and LaZr to modify a chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite adsorbent (CS/PVA-Zr, CS/PVA-La, CS/PVA-LA-Zr). The CS/PVA-La-Zr composite adsorbent can remove a large amount of fluoride within 1 min of contact time, and the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 15 min. The fluoride adsorption behavior of the CS/PVA-La-Zr composite can be described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms models. The morphology and structure of the adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The adsorption mechanism was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and which showed that ion exchange occurred mainly with hydroxide and fluoride ions. This study showed that an easily operable, low-cost and environmentally friendly CS/PVA-La-Zr has the potential to remove fluoride effectively from drinking water in a short time.

Simultaneous Analysis of 53 Pesticides in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) by Using LC-MS/MS Coupled with a Modified QuEChERS Technique.

OBJECTIVE: An optimized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique was investigated and compared with the conventional QuEChERS technique for the simultaneous analysis of fifty-three pesticide residues in safflower using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). METHOD: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) consisting of a major amount of carbon and nitrogen with a large surface area was used as a QuEChERS adsorbent instead of graphitized carbon black (GCB) for safflower extraction purification. Validation experiments were performed using spiked pesticide samples, and real samples were analyzed. RESULTS: The linearity of the modified QuEChERS technique was evaluated with high coefficients of determination (R-2) being higher than 0.99. The limits of detection were <10 µg/kg. The spiked recoveries ranged from 70.4% to 97.6% with a relative standard deviation of less than 10.0%. The fifty-three pesticides exhibited negligible matrix effects (<20%). Thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, metolachlor, and difenoconazole were detected in real samples using an established method. CONCLUSION: This work provides a new g-C3N4-based modified QuEChERS technique for multi-pesticide residue analysis in complex food matrices.

Metabolic responses of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) to the insecticide thiamethoxam.

BACKGROUND: Thiamethoxam (TMX) is insecticidal, but also can trigger physiological and metabolic reactions of plant cycles. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and metabolic effect of TMX on tea plants and its potential benefits. RESULTS: In this study, dose of TMX (0.09, 0.135 and 0.18 kg a.i./ha) were tested. Except for peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), chlorophyll, carotenoid, catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly affected compared with the controls. The CAT activity was increased by 3.38, 1.71, 2.91 times, respectively, under three doses of TMX treatment. The metabolic response between TMX treatment and control groups on the third day was compared using a widely targeted metabolomics. A total of 97 different metabolites were identified, including benzenoids, flavonoids, lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organic nitrogen compounds, organic oxygen compounds, organoheterocyclic compounds, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and others. Those metabolites were mapped on the perturbed metabolic pathways. The results demonstrated that the most perturbation occurred in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. The beneficial secondary metabolites luteolin and kaempferol were upregulated 1.46 and 1.31 times respectively, which protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. Molecular docking models suggest interactions between TMX and flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. CONCLUSION: Thiamethoxam spray positively promoted the physiological and metabolic response of tea plants. And this work also provided the useful information of TMX metabolism in tea plants as well as rational application of insecticides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

1H NMR-based metabolomics combined with chemometrics to detect edible oil adulteration in huajiao (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.).

Huajiao is a highly valued spice that is susceptible to fraudulent adulteration, particularly the addition of edible oils to increase weight and improve color. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and chemometrics were used to analyze 120 huajiao samples adulterated with different types and levels of edible oils. Using untargeted data and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the discrimination rate between types of adulteration reached 100% accuracy, and the R2 value of the prediction set for the level of adulteration using the targeted analysis dataset combined with PLS-regression methods reached 0.99. Triacylglycerols, major components of edible oils, were identified as a marker of adulteration through the variable importance in projection of the PLS-regression. A quantitative method based on the sn-3 triacylglycerol signal was developed that can achieve a detection limit of 0.11%. Testing of 28 market samples showed adulteration with various edible oils, with adulteration rates ranging from 0.96% to 4.41%.

The types of brewing water affect tea infusion flavor by changing the tea mineral dissolution.

The effects of different brewing water samples, including natural drinking water (NDW), pure water (PW), mineral water (MW), distilled water (DW), and tap water (TW) on flavor and quality of green tea infusion were investigated. The results showed the dissolution rate of mineral substances varied greatly depend on the type of water used. Notably, the tea infusion brewed with MW showed the highest taste response and darker but higher brightness in color. Furthermore, the content of volatile compounds was highest in tea infusion brewed with NDW and lowest in tea infusion brewed with MW. The mineral substances content and pH were the main factors affecting volatile compounds in green tea infusion. Thereinto, Ca2+ and Fe3+ remarkably affected the content of alcohols and aldehydes in volatile compounds. These results suggested that water with a neutral pH value and lower mineral substance content is more conducive for brewing green tea.

Two birds with one stone: An enzyme-regulated ratiometric fluorescent and photothermal dual-mode probe for organophosphorus pesticide detection.

In this study, based on the oxidase activity and photothermal effect of manganese dioxide nanosheets (MnO2 NSs), with thiamine (TH) as the fluorescence response signal and tris (2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) hexahydrate as the reference signal, an enzyme-regulated ratiometric fluorescence and photothermal dual-mode probe was constructed for the quantitative detection of organophosphorus pesticide (OPs) residues. OPs reduced the production of the reductive product thiocholine by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, thereby regulating the residual amount of MnO2 NSs. With the increase of OPs concentration, the color of the probe solution gradually transitioned from red to blue, and the temperature gradually increased. Using dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos as pesticide models, the developed probes exhibited sensitive responses to OPs in a wide linear range of 0.1-8000 ng/mL. The detection limits of dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos in fluorescence mode were 1.13 × 10-3 ng/mL and 0.86 ng/mL, respectively. The corresponding detection limits in photothermal mode were 1.01 ng/mL and 1.02 ng/mL, respectively. The proposed probe displayed excellent anti-interference and reliability in the analysis of OPs residues in real samples. The dual-mode probe with self-verification function is expected to provide more accurate and robust detection results than the single-mode probe, and has a wider application prospect.

CFD-based pesticide selection for a nozzle used in a six-rotor UAV in hover mode for tea spraying.

BACKGROUND: A key challenge for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying sometimes used in tea plantations is the downwash flow structure there stronger than in crops. In addition, the UAV spray is affected by the relationship between the nozzle design and the pesticide. However, there is little current research on this aspect. As a preliminary step this study focuses on the most appropriate pesticide for a designated nozzle in a six-rotor UAV according to the nozzle-pesticide relationship using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model. This model considers the downwash flow structure effect and nozzle spray performance in hover. Nozzle FVP110-02, widely used in six-rotor UAVs, is used as a representative nozzle and bifenthrin and tea saponin water, commonly used in tea plantations, are used as the pesticides. RESULTS: The downwash flow structure of the six-rotor UAV in hover was conveniently controlled by the flight height and rotational speed, thereby causing the turbulence to be more stable. For nozzle FVP110-02, bifenthrin was more appropriate than tea saponin water at the same concentration, whilst bifenthrin and tea saponin water at a concentration of 1:1000 showed the best performance under identical working conditions. CONCLUSION: The numerical model developed here was shown to be effective for investigating the relationship between nozzle and pesticide. Our findings will help to not only improve UAV spraying for tea cultivation but also provide guidelines for pesticide selection in crops. Further work will address the comparison of the rigorous qualification of the numerical simulations with the measurements by the field test. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Aggregating-agent-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based detection of acrylamide in fried foods: A case study with potato chips.

This study developed a simple, rapid, stable, and reliable technique for acrylamide (AAm) detection through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on an AgNPs substrate with an aggregating agent. Specifically, the agglomeration effects of five types of salt solutions (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, and MgSO4) were investigated at different concentrations and optimized using an orthogonal experiment. The optimal amounts of the aggregating agent, analytes, and AgNPs were 4, 4, and 12 µL, respectively. A linear relationship (peak area I1449 = 7.4197x + 5984.8, R2 = 0.9971) between the characteristic peak area and AAm concentration was established in the range of 10 to 500 µg/L, and the LOD was 2.5 µg/L. The recoveries and relative standard deviations in the analysis of potato chips samples were 94.67 %-117.50 % and 8.43 %-12.29 %, respectively. The results of the proposed method were consistent with those obtained by LC-MS/MS method. This study demonstrated that SERS has excellent potential for application in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of AAm in fried foods.

Effect of brewing conditions on the chemical and sensory profiles of milk tea.

The brewing conditions of beverage milk tea determine the taste of milk tea. This study investigated the changes in sensory characteristics and small molecule compounds in milk tea made from large-leaf yellow tea under different brewing conditions by sensory analysis, colorimeter, and LC-MS. The results show that the tea to milk ratio is the most important process affecting the taste, and the color values of b* (+yellow, - blue) can be used to evaluate the taste of milk tea made from large leaf yellow tea. The composition of small molecular compounds is affected by tea to milk ratio, which can change the taste of milk tea. l-cysteine and 8-methylsulfinyloctyl glucosinolate are significantly positively correlated with taste by metabolomics analysis. l-cysteine was used to verify the analysis results by LC-MS. The total acceptance of milk tea is improved by adding l-cysteine at a low level (0.025-0.035 mM).

A Rapid Fluorescence Sensor for the Direct Quantification of Rongalite in Foodstuffs.

Rongalite was reported illegally used as a food additive for bleaching purposes and improving the tenderness of foodstuffs, which may endanger public health. At present, rongalite was mostly detected by indirect methods via derivatization or determining its decomposition products. In this study, we developed a new fluorescence sensor for the direct quantification of rongalite based on the principles: (1) dopamine reacts with resorcinol and generates strong fluorophore (azamonardine); (2) rongalite could inhibit the production of fluorophores and then result in lower fluorescence intensity. Hence, the rongalite concentration was inversely proportional to fluorescence intensity of fluorophore. Several crucial reaction conditions of fluorescence sensor were further optimized, such as dopamine and resorcinol concentration, pH values, and reaction time. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection of fluorescence sensor was 0.28-0.38 µg/g in vermicelli, wheat and rice powder samples, exhibiting almost 3.5-fold improvement compared to that of lateral flow immunoassay. Moreover, the detection time was substantially decreased to 20 min. The recoveries in spiked samples were 80.7-102.1% with a coefficient of variation of less than 12.6%. In summary, we developed a direct, high throughput, selective and accurate fluorescence sensor that poses a promising application for the rapid detection of rongalite in foodstuffs.

AuNPs-based lateral flow immunoassay for point-of-needs analysis of four neonicotinoids in tea samples: Effects of grinding degrees, solvent types and contents on extraction efficiency.

The higher extraction efficiency of analytes is crucial for developing immunoassays with high accuracy. Here, we evaluated the extraction efficiency of neonicotinoids in tea samples in terms of grinding degrees, extraction solvents types and contents. Fragments for fresh tea leaves (1 g, 5-10 mm2) or tea powder (1 g, 35 mesh) for commercial tea was extracted with 100 % methanol. The extraction (1 mL) was diluted 10-fold with buffer solution, and then submitted to gold nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay. This optimal extraction protocol exhibited a higher extraction efficiency (72.4-99.3 %) for the positive neonicotinoids samples. The cut-off values of lateral flow immunoassay were 0.325 or 0.65 µg/g, 0.3 or 0.45 µg/g, 0.3 or 0.45 µg/g, 0.03 or 0.06 µg/g for thiamethoxami, clothianidin, acetamiprid and midacloprid in fresh tea leaves and commercial tea. In summary, this proposed lateral flow immunoassay can be used as the point-of-needs analysis method for four neonicotinoids in tea.

Geographical origin of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) based on chemical composition combined with chemometric.

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is protected by Geographical Indications as harvested roots have different regional characteristics. The aim of this study was to distinguish 95 American ginseng samples from four origins (including America, Canada, Shandong province and the Northeast provinces in China), and to further discriminate samples harvested within the protected designation of origin (PDO) from those harvested in non-PDO regions. Two metabolomic methods were used to acquire qualitative data on the metabolites of American ginseng samples from different origins, namely high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). There were significant differences in numerous metabolites, including volatile compounds and ginsenosides. American ginsengs from four different regions were discriminated based on 25 volatile compounds and 8 ginsenosides using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), which had a 96.8% accuracy and a 74.7% cross validation rate, and random forest (RF) modeling, which reached 100% accuracy using the training set and 92.9% accuracy using the testing set. The same 33 analytes combined with LDA and RF were compared for discrimination of PDO and non-PDO samples. The 100% accuracy was again obtained using the RF model, but only when using data from both HS-GC-MS and HPLC. The result showed that chemical composition combined with chemometric is effectively and accurately to study the origins of American ginseng.