A study on computer vision for facial emotion recognition.

Artificial intelligence has been successfully applied in various fields, one of which is computer vision. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) was adopted for Facial emotion recognition (FER). One of the objectives in this study is to identify the critical facial features on which the DNN model focuses for FER. In particular, we utilized a convolutional neural network (CNN), the combination of squeeze-and-excitation network and the residual neural network, for the task of FER. We utilized AffectNet and the Real-World Affective Faces Database (RAF-DB) as the facial expression databases that provide learning samples for the CNN. The feature maps were extracted from the residual blocks for further analysis. Our analysis shows that the features around the nose and mouth are critical facial landmarks for the neural networks. Cross-database validations were conducted between the databases. The network model trained on AffectNet achieved 77.37% accuracy when validated on the RAF-DB, while the network model pretrained on AffectNet and then transfer learned on the RAF-DB results in validation accuracy of 83.37%. The outcomes of this study would improve the understanding of neural networks and assist with improving computer vision accuracy.

Spirometric reference values in heathy Chinese adults in Taiwan: The secular changes and comparison with other Asian populations.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Although the lung function test has played an important role in respiratory care for a long time, valid spirometry reference values in the Chinese population in Taiwan remain to be elucidated. METHODS: 2963 healthy Taiwanese subjects aged 21 to 88 years (1765 males, 59.6%) from February 2015 to February 2017 were enrolled. The subjects attempted to meet the 2005 American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines when performing forced expiratory spirograms. We would like to establish the spirometry predictive equations for forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and lower limit of normal (LLN) in Taiwan and compare with other Asian populations. RESULTS: We established the spirometry predictive equations using a linear model for the entire population, using age and height as independent variables, which best predicted all spirometry parameters for sea level and highland subjects. We found that the values of FEV1 and FVC for the Taiwanese subjects in our study were systematically lower than those reported in South Korea, Japan, and China, but higher than the values in Yang's 1993 and Pan's 1997 Taiwan study. CONCLUSION: This study addressed the up-to-date spirometry reference equations and values for a healthy adult Chinese population in Taiwan.

InVestiGation of the Association of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior with tHe Occurrence of Future Cardiovascular Disease and Long Term Outcome in General Population Using the HEALTHCARE Database (VGH-HEALTHCARE).

BACKGROUND: Current evidence supports the beneficial effect of physical activity in reducing adverse events, however studies on Asian populations are limited and have reported inconsistent findings. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity and the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and malignancy in a large Asian cohort. We also investigated interactions between the intensity of physical activity, environmental exposure and biochemical markers. METHODS: Subjects who received annual checkups at Taipei Veterans General Hospital were invited to join this study. Information on physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Associations between the occurrence of clinical events including cardiovascular events, diabetes and malignancies and the intensity of physical activity, biochemical markers, imaging findings, personality trait evaluations and nutrition were evaluated. RESULTS: In the initial stage of this study, a total of 1010 patients enrolled, 626 (62%) were male, 74 (7.4%) had diabetes, 183 (18.3%) had hypertension, and 220 (21.8%) were smokers. The total cholesterol was 202.1 ± 36.2 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was 125.7 ± 32.9 mg/dL, including 49.3 ± 13.1 mg/dL for serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and 120.7 ± 70.7 mg/dL for triglycerides. The fasting glucose level was 93.8 ± 21.9 mg/dL, and HbA1c was 5.7 ± 0.7%. All information collected will be incorporated with future events to analyze the relationship between biochemical parameters, physical activity and future adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: These findings will contribute to the understanding of the value of physical activity in determining future cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events in Asian populations.

Serum bilirubin improves the risk predictions of cardiovascular and total death in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Bilirubin is a potential endogenous inhibitor of atherosclerosis. We investigated the association of bilirubin and cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality including potential improvements in bilirubin risk reclassification in asymptomatic diabetic patients. METHODS: We enrolled 2936 asymptomatic diabetic subjects. The serum bilirubin was measured, and future CV and all-cause death were the primary endpoints. RESULTS: The follow-up period was 5.4 ±â€¯3.0 y. There were 218 deaths including 95 cardiovascular deaths. The occurrence of CV death and all-cause death were negatively correlated with increasing serum bilirubin quintiles and actual bilirubin values. Serum bilirubin was negatively associated with incident cardiovascular death (hazard ratio: 0.26, 95% CI, 0.11-0.61, p = .01) and all-cause death (hazard ratio: 0.30, 95% CI, 0.17-0.51, p ≤.001). The addition of bilirubin for cardiovascular death increased the C-statistic from 0.713 (95% CI, 0.664-0.762) to 0.729 (95% CI, 0.681-0.776) (P = .008) and showed an integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of 0.012 (P < .0171) with 8.57% improvement in net reclassification analysis (P = .0224). These results suggest additional predictive value is possible via total bilirubin levels for future CV deaths in diabetic patients. In terms of all-death, the addition of bilirubin significantly increased the C-statistic (from 0.769 to 0.78, P = .0064)-a 3.52% net reclassification improvement (P = .0307). It did not improve the IDI (p = .1505). CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum concentrations of bilirubin are associated with a decreased risk of developing CV and all-cause death in diabetic patients. Bilirubin improved the risk prediction of cardiovascular death but provided only a slightly better prediction of all-cause death than conventional risk factors.

High health literacy is associated with less obesity and lower Framingham risk score: Sub-study of the VGH-HEALTHCARE trial.

BACKGROUNDS: Lower health literacy (HL) is associated with several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome (MS). The aim of our study was to investigate the association between HL and the Framingham 10-year risk score of CVD. METHODS: From 2015-2016, 1010 subjects aged 23 to 88 years receiving health check-up in Taipei Veterans General Hospital had complete clinical evaluations and laboratory examinations. Fatty liver was diagnosed by ultrasonography. The short form questionnaire adapted from the Mandarin Health Literacy Scale was used to assess HL. The Framingham risk score was calculated by patient characteristics. RESULTS: Subjects with higher BMIs were associated with lower HL scores. The proportion of subjects with MS was higher in the lower health literacy score group (≤ 9) at 28.8%; further analysis found that lower HL was significantly associated with MS in women but not in men. The Spearman's rho demonstrated that the HL score was significantly associated with the BMI-based (rho = -0.11; P < 0.001) or lipid-based (rho = -0.09; P < 0.004) Framingham risk score. CONCLUSIONS: Higher HL scores were associated with less CVD risk such as lower BMIs, less MS in women, and less fatty liver disease. Furthermore, HL had an inverse association with the Framingham risk score as expected. Therefore, HL in patients with CVD risk should be improved and considered as an important issue in terms of CVD reduction.

The Impact of Rehabilitation Frequencies in the First Year after Stroke on the Risk of Recurrent Stroke and Mortality.

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation is essential for all poststroke patients to improve self-care ability. However, whether an increased frequency of rehabilitation reduces poststroke adverse events remains undetermined. METHODS: We recruited 4899 patients with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2008, from our database and divided them into 3 groups according to their Charlson Comorbidity Index, and they were further categorized into 3 groups of different rehabilitation frequencies during their first year after stroke. Clinical adverse events including recurrent stroke, hip fracture, pneumonia, and all-cause mortality were analyzed by Cox regression analysis to investigate the protective effects of aggressive rehabilitation. RESULTS: We discovered that aggressive rehabilitation in the first year after stroke was significantly associated with a lower incidence of recurrent stroke and all-cause mortality despite the severity of patients' comorbidities. Further Cox regression analysis revealed decreased hazard ratios to develop recurrent stroke and all-cause mortality in patients with more intensive rehabilitation (P for trend <.05). However, no significant associations between rehabilitation frequency and pneumonia and hip fracture were identified in our study. CONCLUSION: Intensive rehabilitation during the first year after stroke should be recommended to prevent detrimental adverse events for stroke survivors.

Antipsychotic treatment is associated with risk of atrial fibrillation: A nationwide nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic agents are well known for their arrhythmigenic effect on ventricular arrhythmia. Though a few case reports observed the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after antipsychotic exposure, information about their implication in AF is limited. METHODS: Based on the National Health Insurance Database in Taiwan, we conducted a nested case-control study to investigate the relationship between antipsychotics and AF. From 2001 to 2010, a total of 34,053 cases of AF and 34,919 matched controls were enrolled. Antipsychotic exposure was measured and binding affinity to neurotransmitter receptors was calculated. Both medical and psychiatric comorbidities were identified and adjusted in multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Current antipsychotic use was associated with a 17% increased risk of AF relative to nonusers (adjusted OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10-1.26). A dose-dependent relationship of antipsychotic exposure and AF risk was observed (P for trend <0.001). Antipsychotics with higher binding affinity to muscarinic M2 receptors were associated with a higher incidence of AF. In subgroup analysis, subjects with preexisting hypertension, diabetes, or coronary artery diseases were at greater risk of developing AF following antipsychotic exposure. CONCLUSION: Antipsychotic exposure was associated with increased risk of AF, especially for agents with higher cardiac muscarinic receptor binding affinity. Physicians should monitor the occurrence of new-onset AF, and strictly control underlying medical risk factors while prescribing antipsychotic agents to high-risk populations.

Lower Barthel Index Is Associated with Higher Risk of Hospitalization-Requiring Pneumonia in Long-Term Care Facilities.

Pneumonia is an important infectious entity that affects residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), whereas hospitalization-requiring pneumonia (HRP) represents a more critical patient condition with worse outcomes. The evidence addressing the association between Barthel index and risk of HRP among LTCF residents is lacking. A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was conducted in three LTCFs enrolling adult patients who resided for 3 months or more and ever underwent Barthel index evaluation within a study period of January 1 to December 31, 2010. The endpoint was HRP after enrollment. A total of 299 patients (169 women; age, 79.0 ± 12.2 years) were enrolled and categorized into HRP Group (n = 68; 36 women; age, 79.1 ± 11.3 years) and Non-HRP Group (n = 231; 133 women; age, 79.0 ± 12.4 years) by the endpoint. The patients in HRP Group had significantly lower Barthel index (8.6 versus 25.8 points, p < 0.001) but higher proportion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13.2% versus 3.9%, p = 0.004). By the multivariate analysis of logistic regression, we found that lower Barthel index (odds ratio (OR), 0.967; p < 0.001), existence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 4.192; p = 0.015), and feeding route (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy comparing with oral feeding; OR, 0.177; p = 0.012) were independently associated with HRP. In conclusion, a lower Barthel index is significantly associated with the occurrence of pneumonia that requires hospitalization in long-term care residents. Barthel index is a useful and reliable tool for risk evaluation in this population.

In-plane magnetization-induced quantum anomalous Hall effect.

The quantum Hall effect can only be induced by an out-of-plane magnetic field for two-dimensional electron gases, and similarly, the quantum anomalous Hall effect has also usually been considered for systems with only out-of-plane magnetization. In the present work, we predict that the quantum anomalous Hall effect can be induced by in-plane magnetization that is not accompanied by any out-of-plane magnetic field. Two realistic two-dimensional systems, Bi2Te3 thin film with magnetic doping and HgMnTe quantum wells with shear strains, are presented and the general condition for the in-plane magnetization-induced quantum anomalous Hall effect is discussed based on the symmetry analysis. Nonetheless, an experimental setup is proposed to confirm this effect, the observation of which will pave the way to search for the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a wider range of materials.

Citrus reticulata peel improves patient tolerance of low-volume polyethylene glycol for colonoscopy preparation.

BACKGROUND: Adequate adjuncts help to reduce the volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) needed, to ameliorate patient discomfort, and to improve colonic visibility during colonoscopy. This study aimed to assess the effect of Citrus reticulata peel (CRP) as an adjunct to low-volume PEG for colonic preparation. METHODS: A total of 1092 health examination examinees received colonoscopy during the study period. After excluding those who refused to participate and those who did not meet our criteria, 212 examinees were enrolled into this study. They were divided into the PEG group and the PEG + CRP group according to their date of examination. All examinees received 2 L of PEG-ELS one day before colonoscopy. The PEG + CRP group also received additional CRP in the form of a "buccal tablet" between drinks. Tolerance and adverse events were assessed by questionnaire, while the quality of bowel preparation for colonoscopy was scored by an endoscopist. RESULTS: There were 107 examinees in the PEG group and 105 examinees in the PEG + CRP group. The demographic characteristics of the examinees were comparable between these two groups. Examinees in the PEG + CRP group had a trend of better colonic visibility than those in the PEG group (p = 0.056). Moreover, examinees in the PEG + CRP group had higher rate of acceptable taste (p = 0.015) and lower rate of difficulty swallowing (p = 0.001). The incidences of adverse events including vomiting (p = 0.045), bloating (p = 0.035), and difficulty sleeping (p < 0.001) were also significantly lower in the PEG + CRP group. CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional colonic preparation, the application of CRP as an adjunct could improve examinees' tolerance, decrease the incidence of adverse events, and maintain the quality of colonic cleansing.