Association of pre-hospital theophylline use and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Although theophylline has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, the therapeutic use of theophylline before sepsis is unknown. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of theophylline on COPD patients presenting with sepsis. METHODS: This nationwide, population-based, propensity score-matched analysis used data from the linked administrative databases of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program. Patients with COPD who were hospitalized for sepsis between 2000 and 2011 were divided into theophylline users and non-users. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The secondary outcome was in-hospital death, intensive care unit admission, and need for mechanical ventilation. Cox proportional hazard model and conditional logistic regression were used to calculate the risk between groups. RESULTS: A propensity score-matched cohort of 51,801 theophylline users and 51,801 non-users was included. Compared with non-users, the 30-day (HR 0.931, 95% CI 0.910-0.953), 180-day (HR 0.930, 95% CI 0.914-0.946), 365-day (HR 0.944, 95% CI 0.929-0.960) and overall mortality (HR 0.965, 95% CI 0.952-0.979) were all significantly lower in theophylline users. Additionally, the theophylline users also had lower risk of in-hospital death (OR 0.895, 95% CI 0.873-0.918) and need for mechanical ventilation (OR 0.972, 95% CI 0.949-0.997). CONCLUSIONS: Theophylline use is associated with a lower risk of sepsis-related mortality in COPD patients. Pre-hospital theophylline use may be protective to COPD patients with sepsis.

Association of weekend effect with early mortality in severe sepsis patients over time.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the "weekend effect" and early mortality of patients with severe sepsis. METHODS: Using the Taiwanese National Healthcare Insurance Research Database, all patients who were hospitalized for the first time with an episode of severe sepsis between January 2000 and December 2011 were identified and the short-term mortality of patients admitted on weekdays was compared to those admitted on weekends. The primary endpoint was 7-day mortality. The secondary endpoints were 14 and 28-day mortality. RESULTS: A total of 398,043 patients were identified to have had the diagnosis of severe sepsis. Compared with patients admitted on weekends, patients admitted on weekdays had a lower 7-day mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% confidential interval [CI] 0.87-0.91), 14-day mortality rate (adjusted OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.93), and 28-day mortality rate (adjusted OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.98). This "weekend effect" was maintained every year throughout the 11-year study period. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe sepsis are more likely to die in the hospital if they were admitted on weekends than if they were admitted on weekdays.

Association of prior antiplatelet agents with mortality in sepsis patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet agents are widely used for cardiovascular disea ses, but their pleiotropic effects in sepsis are controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between antiplatelet agents and the survival benefit for sepsis patients. DESIGN: A nationwide population-based cohort and nested case-control study. SETTING: Taiwan National Health Insurance database. PARTICIPANTS: All patients (age ≥18 years) who were hospitalized for sepsis between January 2000 and December 2010. MEASUREMENTS: Conditional logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding. Adjusted odd ratios (ORs) were used to compare the mortality rate due to sepsis in antiplatelet drug users and nonusers. RESULTS: Of 683,421 included patients, 229,792 (33.6 %) patients died during hospitalization for sepsis, and the rest (64.4 %) survived to discharge. Use of antiplatelet agents before admission was associated with a lower risk of mortality in sepsis patients (aOR 0.82, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.81-0.83, P < 0.001). By using another case-control study design, the beneficial effect was more significant in current users (aOR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.76-0.79) than in recent users (aOR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.85-0.91), but was not significant in past users (aOR 1.00, 95 % CI 0.98-1.02). LIMITATIONS: Observational study. CONCLUSIONS: Prior use of antiplatelet agents was associated with a survival benefit in sepsis patients.

Risk of tuberculosis among healthcare workers in an intermediate-burden country: a nationwide population study.

OBJECTIVE: The potential association between healthcare workers (HCWs) and the risk of clinically active tuberculosis (TB) in countries with intermediate TB burdens remains unclear. METHODS: A nationwide, population-based cohort study was performed by using Taiwan National Health Insurance Database during 2000-2010. We included HCWs and non-HCWs without history of tuberculosis matched at a 1:1 ratio according to age, sex, monthly income, underlying comorbidities, and concomitant medications. All subjects were followed from the date of enrollment until TB occurrence, death, or 31 December 2010. RESULTS: The study population comprised 11,811 healthcare workers and 11,811 matched subjects. 62 HCWs and 38 control subjects developed TB during a median follow-up period of 9.4 years. The incidence of TB was higher among HCWs than among matched subjects (61.08 vs. 37.81 per 100,000 person-years). The risk of TB was also greater among HCWs (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.43), particularly for pulmonary TB in comparison with extrapulmonary TB (aHR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.02-2.39). Among different job categories of HCWs, we found that only nurses had a significantly increased risk of developing TB (aHR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.37-4.72) compared to the matched cohort. CONCLUSIONS: HCWs are associated independently with a higher risk of developing TB in this intermediate-burden country. Therefore, the importance of TB surveillance among HCWs should be emphasized.

Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae in Taiwan, 2006-2010.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of Legionnaires' disease (LD) caused by Legionella longbeachae in Taiwan during 2006-2010. A total of six cases were identified prospectively, accounting for 1.6% of all laboratory-confirmed LD cases and 4.4% of culture-positive LD cases. All six cases occurred between April and August. The male to female ratio was 0.5. These six LD patients had a higher median age than those with LD due to Legionella pneumophila. Four of the six patients presented with pleural effusion and five survived the infection episode. Only two patients had a potential soil contact history prior to LD onset. The patients resided in divergent geographical areas without a common exposure history. The individual genomic DNA banding patterns of the six L. longbeachae isolates analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were unique, supporting the hypothesis that the L. longbeachae infections occurred sporadically.

Does empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with fluoroquinolones delay tuberculosis treatment and result in fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Controversies and solutions.

The role of fluoroquinolones (FQs) as empirical therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains controversial in countries with high tuberculosis (TB) endemicity owing to the possibility of delayed TB diagnosis and treatment and the emergence of FQ resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the rates of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant Haemophilus influenzae have risen to alarming levels, the rates of respiratory FQ (RFQ) resistance amongst these isolates remain relatively low. It is reported that ca. 1-7% of CAP cases are re-diagnosed as pulmonary TB in Asian countries. A longer duration (≥ 7 days) of symptoms, a history of night sweats, lack of fever (> 38 °C), infection involving the upper lobe, presence of cavitary infiltrates, opacity in the lower lung without the presence of air, low total white blood cell count and the presence of lymphopenia are predictive of pulmonary TB. Amongst patients with CAP who reside in TB-endemic countries who are suspected of having TB, imaging studies as well as aggressive microbiological investigations need to be performed early on. Previous exposure to a FQ for >10 days in patients with TB is associated with the emergence of FQ-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. However, rates of M. tuberculosis isolates with FQ resistance are significantly higher amongst multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates than amongst susceptible isolates. Consequently, in Taiwan and also in other countries with TB endemicity, a short-course (5-day) regimen of a RFQ is still recommended for empirical therapy for CAP patients if the patient is at low risk for TB.