An azoospermic male with a novel chromosome 46, XX, der(15)t(Y; 15)(p11.3; p12).

Male individuals with a 46, XX karyotype are commonly diagnosed with 46, XX male sex reversal syndrome, one of the rarest sex chromosomal anomalies. In this case, we report a rare XX male with Y-specific DNA sequences located near the end of chromosome 15 p-arm, which was verified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) as well as copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) based on the next- generation sequencing method (>100 Kb). To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of XX male with the Yp region transferred to the terminal of chromosome 15 short arm.

Roles of estrogen receptor α and ß in the regulation of proliferation in endometrial carcinoma.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC), an estrogen-dependent gynecological malignancy, is prevalent worldwide. Estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor ß (ERß) are two main estrogen receptor isoforms, which mediate estrogen-induced proliferation in EC. However, the dynamic changes of ERα and ERß subtype expression and their functions on proliferation in EC remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of ERα and ERß in para-tumor eutopic endometrium, endometrial atypical hyperplasia and EC by immunohistochemistry and then analyse their clinical significance. Subsequently, Ishikawa cells with ERα or ERß knockdown by lentivirus transfection were used to explore the relationship between ERα/ERß and cell proliferation, and preliminarily evaluate whether metformin's inhibitory effect on estrogen-induced cell proliferation was mediated by ERα and ERß. We found that the expression of ERα and ERß were markedly changed in endometrial hyperplasia and EC compared with that in para-tumor eutopic endometrium and exhibited different expression trends. Through further analysis, we discovered that ERα presented higher expression in endometrial atypical hyperplasia and early stage of EC than that in para-tumor eutopic endometrium, while the expression of ERß gradually decreased from para-tumor eutopic endometrium to EC. Additionally, the cell cycle-related protein, CyclinD1 was gradually increased but p21 decreased. Furthermore, knockdown of ERα and ERß severally in Ishikawa cells either inhibited or promoted estrogen-induced cell proliferation through regulating CyclinD1 and p21 expression. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of metformin on estrogen-induced cell proliferation was respectively blunted or partly reversed by knockdown of ERα or ERß. Altogether, ERα and ERß have different expression patterns in the progression of EC either facilitating or suppressing cell proliferation through regulating the expression of CyclinD1 and p21 in EC cells, and may also mediate the inhibitory effect of metformin on estrogen-induced EC cells proliferation.