Polymorphism of ADAM12, DPP6 and PRKN genes and their associations with milk production traits in Holstein.

Milk production traits as the most important economic traits of dairy cows, they directly reflect the benefits of breeding and the economic benefits of pasture. In this study, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-12 (ADAM12), Parkinson's disease gene 2 (PRKN) and dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein subtype 6 (DPP6) polymorphism in 384 Chinese Holstein cows were detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and through statistical analysis using software such as Popgene 32, SAS 9.4 and Origin 2022, the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three genes with four milk production traits such as daily milk yield (DMY), milk fat percentage (MFP), milk protein percentage (MPP) and somatic cell score (SCS) was verified at molecular level. The results showed that four polymorphic loci (116,467,133, 116,604,487, 116,618,268 and 116,835,111) of DPP6 gene, two polymorphic loci (97,665,052 and 97,159,837) of PRKN gene and two polymorphic loci (45,542,714 and 45,553,888) of ADAM12 gene were detected. PRKN-97665052, DPP6-116467133, ADAM12-45553888, DPP6-116604487 and DPP6-116835111 were all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state (p > .05). ADAM12-45542714, PRKN-97159837 and PRKN-97665052 were moderately polymorphic (0.25 ≤ PIC <0.50) in Holstein. It is evident that the selection potential and genetic variation of these five loci are relatively large, and the genetic richness is relatively high. The correlation analysis of different genotypes between these eight loci and milk production traits of Holstein showed that ADAM12-45542714 and DPP6-116835111 (p < .01) had an extremely significant effects on the DMY of Chinese Holstein in Ningxia, while PRKN-97665052 had an extremely significant effect on MFP (p < .01). The effect of PRKN-97665052 and DPP6-116467133 on MPP of Holstein were extremely significant (p < .01). DPP6-116618268 had an extremely significant effect on the SCS of Holstein in Ningxia (p < .01), and AA genotype individuals showed a higher SCS than GG genotype individuals; the other two loci (ADAM12-45553888 and DPP6-116604487) had no significant effects on milk production traits of Holstein (p > .05). In addition, through the joint analysis of DPP6, PRKN and ADAM12 gene loci, it was found that the interaction effect between the three gene loci could significantly affect the DMY, SCS (p < .01) and MPP (p < .05). In conclusion, several different loci of DPP6, PRKN and ADAM12 genes can affect the milk production traits of Holstein to different degrees. PRKN, DPP6 and ADAM12 genes can be used as potential candidate genes for milk production traits of Holstein for marker-assisted selection, providing theoretical basis for breeding of Holstein.

[Early warning for various internal faults of GIS based on ultraviolet spectroscopy].

As the basis of accurate diagnosis, fault early-warning of gas insulation switchgear (GIS) focuses on the time-effectiveness and the applicability. It would be significant to research the method of unified early-warning for partial discharge (PD) and overheated faults in GIS. In the present paper, SO2 is proposed as the common and typical by-product. The unified monitoring could be achieved through ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) detection of SO2. The derivative method and Savitzky-Golay filtering are employed for baseline correction and smoothing. The wavelength range of 290-310 nm is selected for quantitative detection of SO2. Through UV method, the spectral interference of SF6 and other complex by-products, e.g., SOF2 and SOF2, can be avoided and the features of trace SO2 in GIS can be extracted. The detection system is featured by compacted structure, low maintenance and satisfactory suitability in filed surveillance. By conducting SF6 decomposition experiments, including two types of PD faults and the overheated faults between 200-400 degrees C, the feasibility of proposed UV method has been verified. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography methods can be used for subsequent fault diagnosis. The different decomposition features in two kinds of faults are confirmed and the diagnosis strategy has been briefly analyzed. The main by-products under PD are SOF2 and SO2F2. The generated SO2 is significantly less than SOF2. More carbonous by-products will be generated when PD involves epoxy. By contrast, when the material of heater is stainless steel, SF6 decomposes at about 300 "C and the main by-products in overheated faults are SO2 and SO2F2. When heated over 350 degrees C, SO2 is generated much faster. SOz content stably increases when the GIS fault lasts. The faults types could be preliminarily identified based on the generation features of SO2.

[An ultraviolet spectroscopy method for rapid partial discharge detection in GIS].

By detecting the stable by-products of SF6 through ultraviolet spectroscopy, the present paper achieved the rapid detection of the GIS partial discharge fault. First derivative and the S-G filter were used for the spectral denoising and smoothing. The discharge experiment was used for validating feature selection. Principal component regression was used for the analysis of the concentration of SO2. The concentration of SO2 was used for fuzzy judge. By selecting the appropriate wavelength range (295~305 nm), ultraviolet spectrum can identify SO2 from the complex by-products of SF6. In this paper, firstly, the author reviewed the decomposition mechanism of SF6 under partial discharge, and then verified the rationality of detecting partial discharge by UV, and ultimately achieved the rapid detection of GIS partial discharge and fuzzy judgment of discharge time.

Isolation and identification of SA and JA inducible protein kinase gene OsSJMK1 in rice.

On the basis of a JA-inducible EST, the full length cDNA of a putative protein kinase gene, OsSJMKJ, was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L.). The predicted protein of this gene, consisting of 498 amino acids with a predicted PI value of 8.43, contains a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) domain with a dual-phosphorylation activation motif TDY (Thr-Asp-Tyr) and a C-terminus domain that feature a typical MAPK belonging to subgroup V. OsSJMK1 showed 81% sequence identity to the reported BWMK1, a blast fungus and wounding inducible protein, in the N-terminus kinase domain but had low sequence identity in the C-terminus domain. Despite the high similarity of gene structure between OsSJMK1 and BWMK1, the expression of OsSJMK1 was weakly induced by blast fungus but not wounding, rather it was transiently induced by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) at early stages of treatment. This gene was not induced by other hormones (such as ABA) or abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. The low level of transcript of this gene was detected in the various tissues of rice. The results suggest that OsSJMK1 might be activated specifically by JA and SA and involved in defense signaling pathways.