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ABSTRACT Introduction: The performance of aerobics students during competition is closely related to the level of complexity of their movements. The requirement of muscular strength associated with sensorial precision to reach maximum athletic performance demands more specialized training, and the intermittent high-intensity training technique can supply these demands. Objective: Study the impacts of intermittent high-intensity training on the performance of aerobics students in the execution of their movements. Methods: Forty-eight aerobics students were selected and equally divided into two groups. The experimental group was given high-intensity intermittent training using the experimental control, while the control group was given no relevant intervention. The intervention lasted nine weeks, respecting the normal course of these students' practice classes. Movement quality was assessed before and after the experiment by the systematic balance test Results: The degree of movement completion of the experimental group was close to 2 points, rising to 2.5 points at the end of the movement, and the difficulty level was changed from 1.5 to 2 points. When to the control group, it initiated in 2 points, and after the intervention, it was significantly less to the experimental group. The difficulty level remained at 1.5 points, collected before and after the experiment. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training can improve the performance of aerobics students, acting favorably on the level of complexity of the movements of their sport. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
RESUMO Introdução: O desempenho dos estudantes de aeróbica durante a competição está intimamente relacionado ao nível de complexidade de seus movimentos. A exigência de força muscular associada à precisão sensorial para atingir o máximo desempenho atlético exige treinamentos cada vez mais especializados e a técnica de treinamento intermitente de alta intensidade parece ser capaz de suprir essas demandas. Objetivo: Estudar os impactos do treinamento intermitente de alta intensidade sobre o desempenho dos estudantes de aeróbica na execução de seus movimentos. Métodos: Foram selecionados 48 estudantes de aeróbica, igualmente divididos em dois grupos. Ao grupo experimental foi dado treinamento intermitente de alta intensidade utilizando o controle experimental, enquanto que ao grupo de controle não foi dada intervenção relevante. A intervenção teve duração total de nove semanas, respeitando o curso normal das aulas práticas desses alunos. A qualidade dos movimentos foi avaliada antes e depois do experimento pelo teste sistemático de equilíbrio Resultados: O grau de finalização de movimentos do grupo experimental foi próximo a 2 pontos, elevando-se a 2,5 pontos no final do movimento, o nível de dificuldade foi alterado de 1,5 para 2 pontos. Quando ao grupo controle, iniciou em 2 pontos, e após a intervenção foi significativamente menor ao grupo experimental. O nível de dificuldade permaneceu nos 1,5 pontos, coletados antes e após o experimento. Conclusão: O treinamento em intervalos de alta intensidade pode melhorar o desempenho dos estudantes de aeróbica, atuando favoravelmente no nível de complexidade de seus movimentos esportivos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: El rendimiento de los estudiantes de aeróbic durante la competición está estrechamente relacionado con el nivel de complejidad de sus movimientos. La demanda de fuerza muscular asociada a la precisión sensorial para alcanzar el máximo rendimiento atlético exige entrenamientos cada vez más especializados y la técnica de entrenamiento intermitente de alta intensidad parece ser capaz de suplir estas demandas. Objetivo: Estudiar los impactos del entrenamiento intermitente de alta intensidad sobre el rendimiento de estudiantes de aeróbic en la ejecución de sus movimientos. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 48 estudiantes de aeróbic y se dividieron equitativamente en dos grupos. El grupo experimental recibió entrenamiento intermitente de alta intensidad utilizando el control experimental, mientras que el grupo de control no recibió ninguna intervención relevante. La intervención duró un total de nueve semanas, respetando el curso normal de las clases prácticas de estos estudiantes. La calidad de los movimientos se evaluó antes y después del experimento mediante la prueba sistemática de equilibrio Resultados: El grado de realización de los movimientos del grupo experimental fue próximo a 2 puntos, subiendo a 2,5 puntos al final del movimiento, el nivel de dificultad pasó de 1,5 a 2 puntos. En cuanto al grupo de control, inició en 2 puntos, y tras la intervención fue significativamente inferior al grupo experimental. El nivel de dificultad se mantuvo en 1,5 puntos, recogidos antes y después del experimento. Conclusión: El entrenamiento en intervalos de alta intensidad puede mejorar el rendimiento de los alumnos de aeróbic, actuando favorablemente en el nivel de complejidad de sus movimientos deportivos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
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Intracellular vesicle trafficking is the fundamental process to maintain the homeostasis of membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells. These organelles transport cargo from the donor membrane to the target membrane through the cargo containing vesicles. Vesicle trafficking pathway includes vesicle formation from the donor membrane, vesicle transport, and vesicle fusion with the target membrane. Coat protein mediated vesicle formation is a delicate membrane budding process for cargo molecules selection and package into vesicle carriers. Vesicle transport is a dynamic and specific process for the cargo containing vesicles translocation from the donor membrane to the target membrane. This process requires a group of conserved proteins such as Rab GTPases, motor adaptors, and motor proteins to ensure vesicle transport along cytoskeletal track. Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated vesicle fusion is the final process for vesicle unloading the cargo molecules at the target membrane. To ensure vesicle fusion occurring at a defined position and time pattern in eukaryotic cell, multiple fusogenic proteins, such as synaptotagmin (Syt), complexin (Cpx), Munc13, Munc18 and other tethering factors, cooperate together to precisely regulate the process of vesicle fusion. Dysfunctions of the fusogenic proteins in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion are closely related to many diseases. Recent studies have suggested that stimulated membrane fusion can be manipulated pharmacologically via disruption the interface between the SNARE complex and Ca2+ sensor protein. Here, we summarize recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking, and implications for the development of new therapeutics based on the manipulation of vesicle fusion.
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Dietary phosphorus oversupply wastes non-renewable natural resources and raises environmental concerns in animal agriculture. We hypothesized that laying hens do not need large safety margins for dietary phosphorus because of the existence of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). In experiment 1, a total of 504 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (40-week-old) were randomly assigned to seven diets (for each diet, six replicates of 12 hens), containing 0.12, 0.17, 0.22, 0.27, 0.32, 0.37, and 0.42% non-phytate phosphorus, respectively, for 15 weeks. In experiment 2, a total of 14 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (40-week-old) were randomly assigned to two diets: (1) phosphorus restricted (n = 7) diet containing 0.14% non-phytate phosphorus, and (2) regular phosphorus (n = 7) diet containing 0.32% non-phytate phosphorus, for 21 days. Laying performance and egg quality were investigated in experiments 1 and 2. Phosphorus excretion and physiological changes were determined in experiment 2. It was found that dietary non-phytate phosphorus levels had no effects (P > 0.05) on laying performance and egg quality in either experiment. In experiment 2, laying hens fed 0.14% non-phytate phosphorus had decreased phosphorus excretion (by 52.6%, P < 0.001) when compared to those fed 0.32% non-phytate phosphorus. In response to the 0.14% non-phytate phosphorus diet, laying hens in experiment 2 exhibited: (1) suppressed calvaria mRNA expressions of FGF23 (by 57.8%, P < 0.001) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1, by 52.8%, P = 0.012), (2) decreased serum levels of FGF23 (by 41.7%, P = 0.011) and phosphorus (by 40.3%, P < 0.001), (3) decreased kidney mRNA expressions of FGFR1 (by 66.0%, P = 0.040) and FGFR4 (by 63.3%, P = 0.012) and decreased kidney protein expression of type 2a sodium-phosphorus co-transporter (NPt2a, by 51%, P = 0.025), (4) increased duodenum protein expression of NPt2b (by 45%, P = 0.032), and (5) increased excretion of calcium (by 22.9%, P ≤ 0.024). Collectively, decreasing dietary non-phytate phosphorus by up to 0.12% had no negative effects on egg-production performance but significantly decreased phosphorus excretion in laying hens. The laying hens adjusted to low-phosphorus diets by increasing intestinal NPt2b protein production, which was associated with decreased serum FGF23 concentration. Decreasing dietary non-phytate phosphorus is suggested to laying-hen nutritionists.
