Obesity in children with different risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea: a community-based study.

This study investigated the association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in preschool and school-age children. Parents of obese and randomly chosen normal weight children completed a questionnaire on sleep-related symptoms, demography, family, and medical history. All subjects were invited to undergo polysomnography (PSG). OSA cases were defined as obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI) ≥1. A total of 5930 children were studied with 9.5% obese (11.9% boys/6.1% girls), 205/2680 preschool and 360/3250 school children. There were 1030 children (535 obese/495 normal weight) who underwent PSG. OSA was higher in obese children and obese school children had higher OAHI, arousal index, and shorter total sleep time. However, there was no positive correlation between OSA and body mass index (BMI). The main risk factors for OSA in preschool children were adenotonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent respiratory tract infection. The main cause for OSA in school children was a history of parental snoring and obesity. Mallampati scores and sleep-related symptoms were found to be associated with OSA in both preschool and school children. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated differential risk factors for OSA in obese children, which suggest that a different mechanism may be involved in OSA development in preschool and school-age children. WHAT IS KNOWN: Various risk factors have been reported in obese children with OSA owing to the different age and different study design. Obese children have a higher prevalence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA risk factors in obese children are affected by different ages and study designs. WHAT IS NEW: A differential prevalence and risk factors for obese preschool and school-age children with OSA has been demonstrated.

Three new aaptamine derivatives from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos.

Three new aaptamine derivatives (1-3), together with six known related compounds (4-9), have been isolated from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos. The structures of all compounds were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 4, 5, 7, and 9 showed cytotoxic activities against HeLa, K562, MCF-7, and U937 cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 0.90-12.32 µM.

Aaptamine derivatives with antifungal and anti-HIV-1 activities from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos.

Five new alkaloids of aaptamine family, compounds (1-5) and three known derivatives (6-8), have been isolated from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos. The structures of all compounds were unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, as well as by comparison with the literature data. Compounds 1-2 are characterized with triazapyrene lactam skeleton, whereas compounds 4-5 share an imidazole-fused aaptamine moiety. These compounds were evaluated in antifungal and anti-HIV-1 assays. Compounds 3, 7, and 8 showed antifungal activity against six fungi, with MIC values in the range of 4 to 64 µg/mL. Compounds 7-8 exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity, with inhibitory rates of 88.0% and 72.3%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 µM.

Cytotoxic aaptamine derivatives from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos.

Nine new aaptamine derivatives (1-9), together with three known related compounds (10-12), have been isolated from the South China Sea sponge Aaptos aaptos. The structures of all compounds were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Structurally, compound 1 possesses a piperidinyl group fused to a demethyl(oxy)aaptamine moiety, whereas compounds 3-6 share an imidazole-fused 1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridin-2(4H)-one skeleton. The cytotoxic activities of the compounds were evaluated against various human cancer cell lines, and compounds 2, 8, 11, and 12 showed potent cytotoxicities against HL60, K562, MCF-7, KB, HepG2, and HT-29 cells, with IC50 values in the range of 0.03 to 8.5 µM.