Mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland holistic protection and restoration engineering and landscape ecology.

Theoretical researches and practices on the life community of mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic and its protection and restoration have been gradually developed in China, which demands the support of a systematic disciplinary theory. Landscape ecology, as an interdisciplinary science of geography and ecology, can meet such demand thanks to its macroscopic spatial theory and technical system. Here, landscape ecology is taken as the supporting discipline of holistic protection and restoration for mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic. Firstly, we clarified that life community of mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland is a heterogeneously mosaic landscape, which bears all the characteristics of landscape and thus follows the principles of landscape ecology. Secondly, we expounded how the basic principles of landscape-ecological construction could be applied to the planning and evaluation of holistic protection and restoration for mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic. Finally, we summarized the new trend of landscape-ecological construction research, listed the theoretical and practical problems to be solved, and discussed how the projects of holistic protection and restoration for the mountain-water-forest-farmland-lake-grassland-sandland mosaic can provide a variety of practices for seeking the solutions. The combination of landscape ecology and practical restoration projects would generate effective solutions to realize sustainable development in terms of ecology, economy, and society in China and even the whole world.

[Research progress on air pollutant distribution in urban street canyons]. / åŸŽå¸‚è¡—è°·å¤§æ°”æ±¡æŸ“ç‰©åˆ†å¸ƒç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

Urban street canyon is one of the most important characteristics and spatial forms of cities. It is one of the most frequently used public spaces in cities, with the most serious automobile exhaust pollution and the largest population density. The unreasonable space configuration and internal composition might decrease self-purification of urban ventilation but increase local air pollutant concentration. Here, we reviewed the impacts of street canyon morphology, street trees, vehicle flow and meteorological factors on the distribution of air pollutants in street canyons. We scrutinized the relevant methods of numerical simulation, wind tunnel experiments, and field monitoring on the distribution and diffusion of air pollutants in street canyons. We recommended that future research should concentrate on the impacts of various parameters on the distribution and diffusion of air pollutants based on the field monitoring data. Meanwhile, further research should develop optimization strategies for street canyon design which is conducive to the dispersion of air pollutants, and put forward scientific support and optimization scheme for the controlling of air pollutants from the perspective of urban planning and pattern optimization.

[Relationship between urban atmospheric environment and surrounding two-dimensional and three-dimensional landscape pattern in China.] / æˆ‘å›½åŸŽå¸‚å¤§æ°”çŽ¯å¢ƒä¸Žå‘¨è¾¹åŒºåŸŸäºŒç»´å’Œä¸‰ç»´æ™¯è§‚æ ¼å±€å ³ç³».

Atmospheric environment in urban built-up area is severely influenced by the surrounding landscape pattern. Understanding the relationship between air pollution and surrounding landscape pattern at small scale has great significance for mitigating air pollution from the perspective of urban construction. The annual average concentrations of NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 from 266 air pollution monitoring stations in 30 provincial capitals of China in 2017 were chosen as dependent variables. Ten two-dimensional and three-dimensional landscape pattern indices (number of buildings, building aggregation, building density, impervious water ratio, quantitative density of catering, building footprint area, high building ratio, floor area ratio, total building area and building type Shannon diversity index) within the 3 km area around the monitoring stations were used as independent variables. The effects of landscape pattern on the concentration of four air pollutants were analyzed using the boosted regression trees model. The results showed that the concentration of four air pollutants in the central and northern cities were significantly higher than that in the southeast coastal cities and southwest cities. The most important factor affecting the concentrations of NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 was the impervious ratio, with relative contribution rates of 40.7%, 36.3%, 51.0% and 51.8% respectively. The results of sub-region analysis showed that the most important influencing factor differed in different regions, including the impervious ratio in the East and Central China; the number and density of buildings in South China; the impervious ratio and diversity of building types in North China; the impervious ratio and the number of buildings in Northeast China, the density of buildings in Northwest China. Such differences were mainly caused by climate, topography, urban planning, and other factors.

[Research progress on three-dimensional pattern in landscape ecology]. / æ™¯è§‚ç”Ÿæ€å­¦ä¸‰ç»´æ ¼å±€ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

The close interactions between abiotic and biotic components create a variety of three-dimensional (3-D) landscape patterns. Landscape ecology, as a discipline of studying patterns and ecological processes, has made rapid progress in the exploration of 3-D space with the improvement of data acquirement ability, such as lidar technology. The real surface landscape can be described considering 3-D data, which improves the consistency between landscape indices and ecological process, and has overcome the shortage of ecological meanings of traditional researches. However, the lack of universality of methods and conclusions still exist due to different study backgrounds. The sensitivities of research results will increase with the expansion from two-dimensional to 3-D scale because of the increasing data quantity and accuracy. How to select and process the suitable scaled data to get more scientific conclusions need to be discussed in the future. The integration of multi-scale, multi-source and a long time series data will be the study trend with data acquisition becoming more convenient. In addition to the dynamic monitoring and prediction studies, the sustainable and ecological restoration application combined with landscape planning and design will be an important research direction.

[Potential distribution of Spartinal alterniflora in China coastal areas based on Maxent niche model]. / 基于Maxent生态位模型的互花米草在我国沿海的潜在分布.

Maxent niche model was used to project the potential distribution of alien plant species Spartina alterniflora in China, with 96 S. alterniflora records and marine and climatic data along China coastal area. The results showed that suitable area for the distribution of S. alterniflora occupied 85% of coastal areas, with the highly suitable area, the medium, and low suitable area accounting for 18%, 34% and 33%, respectively. Only 15% of the coastal areas were regions with distribution possibility of less than 5%. Its distribution suitability was mainly related to annual lowest seawater temperature, annual mean seawater temperature, annual mean air temperature, and annual lowest temperature in January. However, the importance of annual mean precipitation, annual mean daily diurnal range, seawater salinity, annual highest seawater temperature, annual highest tempe-rature in June and current velocity was relatively small. At the highly suitable areas for S. alterni-flora, the annual lowest seawater temperature ranged from 0.62 to 24.81 ℃, the annual mean seawater temperature ranged from 10.46 to 27.29 ℃, the annual mean air temperature was between 9 to 25 ℃, and the annual lowest temperature in January was between -13.5 and 16.7 ℃. The distribution possibility of S. alterniflora in the northern coastal area was over 20%, indicating it has a great potential to invade further north in China, especially in Bohai Bay areas. According to the current distribution records and climatic data in China, the invasion risk of S. alterniflora in central and southern coasts of Hainan and most regions of Taiwan Province was low, but the possibility of future invasion can not be excluded.

[Landscape pattern change and simulation in the SanJiang Plain based on the CLUE-S model.] / 基于CLUE-Sæ¨¡åž‹çš„ä¸‰æ±Ÿå¹³åŽŸæ™¯è§‚æ ¼å±€å˜åŒ–åŠæ¨¡æ‹Ÿ.

The SanJiang Plain is one of the most concentrated and contiGuous area of marshes, which plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining regional ecological security. Based on the 3S technology, we examined the changes in land use and landscape pattern of the SanJiang Plain from 1980 to 2010. The results showed that marshland area lost 7135 km2, with a loss rate of 59.1%. The paddy area increased 18010 km2, with a growth rate of 610.1%. The results of landscape indices analysis showed that the number of patches increased, the landscape fragmentation became stronger, the landscape heterogeneity increased, and the different landscape types became homogenized. The CLUE-S model was validated based on the five different periods of land use maps during 1980-2010. The Kappa index between the simulation and actual measurement at the time scale of 30 years was 0.71, indicating that the model was suitable for 30 years simulation in the study area. The future wetland changes in the SanJiang Plain from 2010 to 2030 was simulated with validated CLUE-S models, including historical development scenario, planning scenario, and ecological restoration scenario. The simulation results showed that the marsh land would decrease 2515.44 km2 and the paddy area would increase 19656.24 km2 in the historical development scenario. The marsh land would decrease 303.28 km2, but the paddy area would increase 1392.08 km2 in the planning scenario. The marsh land would increase 3585.61 km2 and the paddy area would increase 289.72 km2 in the ecological restoration scenario. The landscape patterns of the three scenarios were estimated using landscape indices. The results showed that the landscape pattern fragmentation would become more and more serious in the historical development scenario. The landscape pattern would have no signifi-cant changes in the planning scenario. The wetland area and connectivity would increase, the different landscape types would become balanced, and the landscape pattern would be gradually optimized in the ecological restoration scenario.

[Design of sponge city and its inspiration to landscape ecology: A case of Liaodong Bay area of Panjin City, Northeast China]. / 海绵城市规划及景观生态学启示­­ä»¥ç›˜é”¦å¸‚辽东湾新区为例.

With the expansion of urban area, many cities are facing urban water environment issues, i.e., water resources shortage, lack of groundwater reserves, water pollution, urban waterlogging. For resolving these urban issues, 'sponge city' was proposed in 2015 in China. Liaodong Bay area of Panjin City in Liaoning Province of China was chosen as case study. Based on 'Sponge City Construction Technology Guide: Low Impact Development Rainwater System Building (Trial)', the underlying surface and types of land use in the typical area were analyzed. Sponge city plan of the study area was designed through combining topography, hydrology, rainfall intensity and other factors, and selecting LID measures. The results showed that when the study area reached the ove-rall target control rate (the control rate of the total annual runoff was ＞75%), the subsidence greenbelt rate was 1%-31%, with a total area of 13.73 km2; the pervious pavement rate was 1%-13%, with a total area of 2.29 km2. This study could provide a case study for planning and designing of 'sponge city', proposing new ideas and methods for the research on landscape pattern and process.

[Spatial pattern of forest biomass and its influencing factors in the Great Xing'an Mountains, Heilongjiang Province, China].

Based on field inventory data and vegetation index EVI (enhanced vegetation index), the spatial pattern of the forest biomass in the Great Xing'an Mountains, Heilongjiang Province was quantitatively analyzed. Using the spatial analysis and statistics tools in ArcGIS software, the impacts of climatic zone, elevation, slope, aspect and vegetation type on the spatial pattern of forest biomass were explored. The results showed that the forest biomass in the Great Xing'an Mountains was 350 Tg and spatially aggregated with great increasing potentials. Forest biomass density in the cold temperate humid zone (64.02 t x hm(-2)) was higher than that in the temperate humid zone (60.26 t x hm(-2)). The biomass density of each vegetation type was in the order of mixed coniferous forest (65.13 t x hm(-2)) > spruce-fir forest (63.92 t x hm(-2)) > Pinus pumila-Larix gmelinii forest (63.79 t x hm(-2)) > Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest (61.97 t x hm(-2)) > Larix gmelinii forest (61.40 t x hm(-2)) > deciduous broadleaf forest (58.96 t x hm(-2)). With the increasing elevation and slope, the forest biomass density first decreased and then increased. The forest biomass density in the shady slopes was greater than that in the sunny slopes. The spatial pattern of forest biomass in the Great Xing' an Mountains exhibited a heterogeneous pattern due to the variation of climatic zone, vegetation type and topographical factor. This spatial heterogeneity needs to be accounted when evaluating forest biomass at regional scales.

[Simulating climate change effect on aboveground carbon sequestration rates of main broadleaved trees in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains area, Northeast China].

LANDIS Pro 7.0 model was used to simulate the dynamics of aboveground biomass of ten broadleaved tree species in the Xiao Xing' an Mountains area under current and various climate change scenarios from 2000 to 2200, and carbon content coefficients (CCCs) were coupled to cal- culate the aboveground carbon sequestration rates (ACSRs) of these species. The results showed that in the initial year of simulation, the biomasses and their proportions of Fraxinus mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Quercus mongolica, Ulmus propinqua, and Acer mono were relatively low, while those of Betula costata, Betula platyphylla, and Populus davidiana were higher. A trend of rise after decline occurred in ACSR for pioneer species in the mid and late periods of simulation years, but ACSRs for the other broadleaved tree species were considerably complex. The ACSRs of Q. mongolica and Tilla amurensis fluctuated in the ranges of -0.05-0.25 t · hm(-2) · 10 a(-1) and 0.16-1.29 t · hm(-2) · 10 a(-1) in simulation years, respectively. The ACSRs of F. mandshurica, U. propinqua, A. mono, and B. costata showed a trend of decline after rise in late simulation years. There were significant differences in ACSR for P. amurense and B. davurica among various climate change scenarios in the periods of 2050-2100 and 2150-2200, while no significant difference in ACSR for the other species would be detected. Difference of sensitivity of various species in ACSR for future climate scenarios in the Small Khingan Mountains area existed. However, the un- certainty of future climates would not yield significant difference in ACSR for most broadleaved tree species. Moreover, a time lag would exist in the process of climate change effects on temperate forest's ACSR.

[Simulation of urban expansion based on SLEUTH model in Fuxin City, Northeast China].

Urban expansion was simulated by SLEUTH model based on the data of Fuxin City, Northeast China in 1997-2013. The optimal parameters of urban expansion were obtained from SLEUTH model calibration, with the diffusion coefficient as 6, breed coefficient as 64, spread coefficient as 44, slope resistance as 52 and road gravity as 90. Urban growth types in Fuxin mainly belonged to new center growth and edge growth, i.e., the further expansion of new and old urban centers. Urban expansion was greatly influenced by roads. Fuxin, as a resource-exhausted city, suffered from the natural disasters, such as landslides, subsidence, and so on. The slope resistance of urban expansion was large in the development of urban land. From the perspective of urban scale, road gravity in smaller city was greater than in larger city. The urban expansion in smaller city was more inclined to the new center growth. The locations of enterprises and new development zones were more interested in the area of good transport facilities. Meanwhile, they were inclined to new center growth. Urban expansions were simulated based on optimal parameters of SLEUTH model. The simulated result of edge growth was better than the simulated result of new spreading center growth, because new spreading center growth was susceptible to policymaking, and cellular influence was little. The simulated accuracy of urban land in 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2013 was high.

[Effects of forest ownership regime on landscape pattern and animal habitat: a review].

In some European and North American countries where forestry is highly developed, both public and private forest ownership regimes have being existed for a long time. Currently, the researches about both the dynamics of forest landscape and habitat pattern and the relationship between habitat pattern and biological conservation in multi-ownership forest landscape are increasingly becoming important. This paper reviewed the effects of multi-ownership regime on forest landscape pattern and animal habitat and emphasized on the ecological consequences of forest parcelization and land divestiture, including the provision of diverse habitats and fragmentation of the existing large-area habitat. This paper also summarized two ways (changing the ownership pattern and integrating the multi-ownership management by cross boundary coordination) for handling the conflicts between small-scaled multi-ownership management and biological conservation at large scale in forestry-developed countries and analyzed the reasons that those countries prefer to adopt the latter one. Furthermore, the methodological limitations in simulating ownership pattern were pointed out. Finally, the present status, challenges and opportunities in the above-mentioned research issues in China were discussed, and the suggestions for further researches were provided.

[Fire severity of burnt area in Huzhong forest region of Great Xing' an Mountains, Northeast China based on normalized burn ratio analysis].

Based on the TM images and 3S technology, and by using normalized burn ratio (NBR) , this paper quantitatively evaluated the fire severity of burnt area in Huzhong forest region of the Great Xing' an Mountains from 1986 to 2010, and analyzed the relationships of the fire severity with environmental factors such as vegetation type, elevation, slope, and aspect. In Huzhong forest region, the fire occurrence frequency and total burnt area had an obvious inter-annual change. High incidence of forest fire was from June to August, and heavily burnt area occupied 84. 2% of the total burnt area. In the burnt area, larch forest accounted for 89. 9%. 68. 8% of burnt area located at the elevations from 1000 m to 1500 m, and 62. 5% located in eastern, southern, western, and northern slopes. There was no obvious difference in the burnt area between sunny and shady slopes. The burnt area at the slope degrees 15 degree-25 degrees occupied 38.4% of the total. High severity burnt area was the largest (70% of the total), followed by moderate severity burnt area (about 10%), and low severity burnt area and un-burnt area (<5% ). The majority of the forest fires in Huzhong forest region were of high severity fire, which caused great damages to the forest resources. It was suggested that in the forest fire management in Great Xing' an Mountains forest region, it would be urgent to implement forest fuel treatments to reduce fire severity to guarantee the forest ecosystem security.

[Impacts of road network on forest landscape pattern in Great Xing' an Mountains of Northeast China].

By characterizing the composition of road network in the Huzhong Forestry Bureau in Great Xing' an Mountains, Northeast China, we investigated the effects of road networks on landscape pattern by quantifying 1989 landscape pattern for each of the 17 forestry farms on maps with and without roads by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that road networks, including the main and secondary timber-transport roads, were distributed evenly among the observed 17 forestry farms with a density of 2.3 m x hm(-2) and spread along the river networks throughout each farm. The emergence of roads significantly altered the landscape pattern at the landscape level in each farm, which was characterized by landscape fragmentation involving a decline in patch area and an increase in patch number and distance among patches. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between fragmentation and road density. The road network had more impact on fragmentation than on aggregation at the landscape level.

[Spatial distribution characteristics of urban potential population in Shenyang City based on QuickBird image and GIS].

Population is the most active factor affecting city development. To understand the distribution characteristics of urban population is of significance for making city policy decisions and for optimizing the layout of various urban infrastructures. In this paper, the information of the residential buildings in Shenyang urban area was extracted from the QuickBird remote sensing images, and the spatial distribution characteristics of the population within the Third-Ring Road of the City were analyzed, according to the social and economic statistics data. In 2010, the population density in different types of residential buildings within the Third-Ring Road of the City decreased in the order of high-storey block, mixed block, mixed garden, old multi-storey building, high-storey garden, multi-storey block, multi-storey garden, villa block, shanty, and villa garden. The vacancy rate of the buildings within the Third-Ring Road was more than 30%, meaning that the real estate market was seriously overstocked. Among the five Districts of Shenyang City, Shenhe District had the highest potential population density, while Tiexi District and Dadong District had a lower one. The gravity center of the City and its five Districts was also analyzed, which could provide basic information for locating commercial facilities and planning city infrastructure.

[Effects of spatial heterogeneity on spatial extrapolation of sampling plot data].

By using model combination method, this paper simulated the changes of response variable (tree species distribution area at landscape level under climate change) under three scenarios of environmental spatial heterogeneous level, analyzed the differentiation of simulated results under different scenarios, and discussed the effects of environmental spatial heterogeneity on the larger spatial extrapolation of the tree species responses to climate change observed in sampling plots. For most tree species, spatial heterogeneity had little effects on the extrapolation from plot scale to class scale; for the tree species insensitive to climate warming and the azonal species, spatial heterogeneity also had little effects on the extrapolation from plot-scale to zonal scale. By contrast, for the tree species sensitive to climate warming, spatial heterogeneity had effects on the extrapolation from plot scale to zonal scale, and the effects could be varied under different scenarios.

[Application of small remote sensing satellite constellations for environmental hazards in wetland landscape mapping: taking Liaohe Delta, Liaoning Province of Northeast China as a case].

To timely and accurately acquire the spatial distribution pattern of wetlands is of significance for the dynamic monitoring, conservation, and sustainable utilization of wetlands. The small remote sensing satellite constellations A/B stars (HJ-1A/1B stars) for environmental hazards were launched by China for monitoring terrestrial resources, which could provide a new data source of remote sensing image acquisition for retrieving wetland types. Taking Liaohe Delta as a case, this paper compared the accuracy of wetland classification map and the area of each wetland type retrieved from CCD data (HJ CCD data) and TM5 data, and validated and explored the applicability and the applied potential of HJ CCD data in wetland resources dynamic monitoring. The results showed that HJ CCD data could completely replace Landsat TM5 data in feature extraction and remote sensing classification. In real-time monitoring, due to its 2 days of data acquisition cycle, HJ CCD data had the priority to Landsat TM5 data (16 days of data acquisition cycle).

[Spatiotemporal differentiation of construction land expansion in a typical town of south Jiangsu Province].

Choosing Xinzhuang Town in south Jiangsu Province as study area, and by using 1980, 1991, 2001, and 2009 high-resolution remote sensing images and GIS spatial analysis technology, an integrated expansion degree index model was established based on the existing indicators of construction land expansion, and the general and spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of construction land expansion in the Town in three time periods of 1980-2009 were quantitatively analyzed. In 1980-2009, with the acceleration of rural urbanization and industrialization, the area of construction land in the Town increased significantly by 19.24 km2, and especially in 2001-2009, the expanded area, expanded contribution rate, and expansion intensity reached the maximum. The construction land expansion had an obvious spatial differentiation characteristic. In 1980-1991, the newly increased construction land mainly concentrated in town area. After 1991, the focus of construction land gradually spread to the villages with developed industries. Most of the increased construction lands were converted from paddy field and dry land, accounting for 88.1% of the total increased area, while the contribution from other land types was relatively small.

[Interaction between pest and fire disturbances in Huzhong area of Great Xing' an Mountains: long-term simulation].

Forest pest and forest fire are the two major disturbances of forest ecosystem, and there exists definite interaction between the disturbances at large spatial and temporal scales. In this paper, the spatially intuitional landscape model (LANDIS) was adopted to simulate the long-term (300 years) interaction between forest pest and forest fire in Huzhong area of Great Xing' an Mountains. The results showed that pest disturbance decreased the fine fuel load, increased the coarse fuel load at the early (0-100 a) and middle (100-200 a) stages of simulation course, and decreased the fire frequency at the early and middle stages. The fire frequency under different forest pest disturbance scenarios was similar at the later stage (200-300 a) of simulation course. Pest disturbance decreased the fire intensity and fire risk class at the early and later stages, but increased the fire intensity and fire risk class at the middle stage. Fire suppression could increase the occurrence area of forest pest, and thus, it was suggested that forest managers should take appropriate measures to prevent insect pest, not solely with the focus on fire suppression but also adopting the forest fire management measures such as taking off coarse fuel and implementing prescribed fire to ensure the sustainable development of forest ecosystem.

[Variation pattern and its affecting factors of three-dimensional landscape in urban residential community of Shenyang].

Based on the 1:10000 aerial photo in 1997 and the three QuickBird images in 2002, 2005, and 2008, and by using Barista software and GIS and RS techniques, the three-dimensional information of the residential community in Tiexi District of Shenyang was extracted, and the variation pattern of the three-dimensional landscape in the district during its reconstruction in 1997-2008 and related affecting factors were analyzed with the indices, ie. road density, greening rate, average building height, building height standard deviation, building coverage rate, floor area rate, building shape coefficient, population density, and per capita GDP. The results showed that in 1997-2008, the building area for industry decreased, that for commerce and other public affairs increased, and the area for residents, education, and medical cares basically remained stable. The building number, building coverage rate, and building shape coefficient decreased, while the floor area rate, average building height, height standard deviation, road density, and greening rate increased. Within the limited space of residential community, the containing capacity of population and economic activity increased, and the environment quality also improved to some extent. The variation degree of average building height increased, but the building energy consumption decreased. Population growth and economic development had positive correlations with floor area rate, road density, and greening rate, but negative correlation with building coverage rate.

[Location selection for Shenyang urban parks based on GIS and multi-objective location allocation model].

Based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and multi-objective location-allocation (LA) model, and in considering of four relatively independent objective factors (population density level, air pollution level, urban heat island effect level, and urban land use pattern), an optimized location selection for the urban parks within the Third Ring of Shenyang was conducted, and the selection results were compared with the spatial distribution of existing parks, aimed to evaluate the rationality of the spatial distribution of urban green spaces. In the location selection of urban green spaces in the study area, the factor air pollution was most important, and, compared with single objective factor, the weighted analysis results of multi-objective factors could provide optimized spatial location selection of new urban green spaces. The combination of GIS technology with LA model would be a new approach for the spatial optimizing of urban green spaces.