Mindsets of suicide trajectories: An Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count analysis of suicide hotline conversations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the psychological characteristics of the individuals with various suicide risks using computerized text analysis, in the hopes of a better understanding of suicide trajectories. METHODS: 627 first-time callers' records were randomly selected from Taiwan An-Shin Hotline database between 2013 and 2018. The voice records were evaluated by two psychologists to determine the levels of suicide risk (156 with uncertainty of risk, 177 with low suicidal ideation, 157 with high suicidal ideation, and 137 with suicide preparation/attempt) and transcribed into text. The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 (LIWC2015) program combined with Chinese dictionary were then used to calculate the frequency of word categories. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis identified four mindsets of language characteristics, named "opposition and questioning", "active engagement", "negative rumination", and "focus on death". Psychological descriptions of the mindsets were also obtained through correlation analysis with the LIWC2015 categories and indicators. The four mindsets effectively distinguished the callers with different levels of suicide risk. CONCLUSION: The psychological characteristics of people with various suicide risks can be described and differentiated via the closed-word categories and composite indicators. These results provide useful information for practitioners and researchers.

Processes of conscious and unconscious memory: evidence from current research on dissociation of memories within a test.

The processes of conscious memory (CM) and unconscious memory (UM) are explored, based on the results of the current and previous studies in which the 2 forms of memory within a test were separated by either the process dissociation or metacognition-based dissociation procedure. The results assessing influences of shallow and deep processing, association, and self-generation on CM in explicit and implicit tests are taken as evidence that CM in a test is driven not only conceptually but also by the driving nature of the test, and CM benefits from an encoding condition to the extent that information processing for CM recapitulates that engaged in the encoding condition.Those influences on UM in explicit and implicit tests are taken to support the view that UM in a test is driven by the nature of the test itself, and UM benefits from an encoding condition to the extent that the cognitive environments at test and at study match to activate the same type of information (e.g., visual, lexical, or semantic) about memory items or the same content of a preexisting association or categorical structure.

Unintentional memory inhibition is weakened in non-clinical dissociators.

Although participants with dissociation proneness showed inefficient cognitive inhibition, whether and under what stimulus-task contexts dissociators show inefficient memory inhibition remains inconclusive. This study investigated the relationship between trait dissociation and basic operation of memory control using a non-clinical sample. To reduce the involvement of strategic control and the influence of emotionality, the retrieval-practice paradigm was adopted to examine unintentional memory inhibition of neutral materials. Both the low- and middle-dissociation groups showed the forgetting effect, resulting from suppressing competing memories while retrieving a target. In contrast, the high-dissociation group did not show the forgetting effect although their performance in the baseline condition and in recalling practiced items was comparable to the other two groups. High dissociation proneness is linked with weakened memory inhibition that may cause diverse memory problems in clinical patients.