RESUMEN
A new series of (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-fluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-aryltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols as dual inhibitors of sodium glucose co-transporter proteins (SGLTs) were disclosed. Two methods were developed to efficiently synthesize C5-fluoro-lactones 3 and 4, which are key intermediates to the C5-fluoro-hexose based C-aryl glucosides. Compound 2b demonstrated potent hSGLT1 and hSGLT2 inhibition (IC50â¯=â¯43â¯nM for SGLT1 and IC50â¯=â¯9â¯nM for SGLT2). It showed robust inhibition of blood glucose excursion in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and exerted pronounced antihyperglycemic effects in db/db mice and high-fat diet-fed ZDF rats when dosed orally at 10â¯mg/kg.
Asunto(s)
Desoxiglucosa/uso terapéutico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Desoxiglucosa/administración & dosificación , Desoxiglucosa/análogos & derivados , Desoxiglucosa/síntesis química , Diseño de Fármacos , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipoglucemiantes/síntesis química , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Ratones , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas Zucker , Transportador 2 de Sodio-Glucosa/metabolismo , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/síntesis química , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Although much speculation has surrounded intestinally expressed FcRn as a means for systemic uptake of orally administered immunoglobulin G (IgG), this has not been validated in translational models beyond neonates or in FcRn-expressing cells in vitro. Recently, IgG1 intestinal infusion acutely in anesthetized cynomolgus resulted in detectable serum monoclonal antibody (mAb) levels. In this study, we show that IgG2 has greater protease resistance to intestinal enzymes in vitro and mice in vivo, due to protease resistance in the hinge region. An IgG2 mAb engineered for FcRn binding, was optimally formulated, lyophilized, and loaded into enteric-coated capsules for oral dosing in cynomolgus. Small intestinal pH 7.5 was selected for enteric delivery based on gastrointestinal pH profiling of cynomolgus by operator-assisted IntelliCap System(®). Milling of the lyophilized IgG2 M428L FcRn-binding variant after formulation in 10 mmol/L histidine, pH 5.7, 8.5% sucrose, 0.04% PS80 did not alter the physicochemical properties nor the molecular integrity compared to the batch released in PBS. Size 3 hard gel capsules (23.2 mg IgG2 M428L ~3 mg/kg) were coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate for rapid dissolution at pH 7.5 in small intestine and FcRn binding of encapsulated mAb confirmed. Initial capsule dosing by endoscopic delivery into the small intestine achieved 0.2 + 0.1 ng/mL (n = 5) peak at 24 h. Weekly oral capsule dosing for 6 weeks achieved levels of 0.4 + 0.2 ng/mL and, despite increasing the dose and frequency, remained below 1 ng/mL. In conclusion, lyophilized milled mAb retains FcRn binding and molecular integrity for small intestinal delivery. The low systemic exposure has demonstrated the limitations of intestinal FcRn in non-human primates and the unfeasibility of employing this for therapeutic levels of mAb. Local mAb delivery with limited systemic exposure may be sufficient as a therapeutic for intestinal diseases.
RESUMEN
Complement C1s protease inhibitors have potential utility in the treatment of diseases associated with activation of the classical complement pathway such as humorally mediated graft rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), vascular leak syndrome, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The utility of biphenylsulfonyl-thiophene-carboxamidine small-molecule C1s inhibitors are limited by their poor in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Pegylation of a potent analog has provided compounds with good potency and good in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
Asunto(s)
Amidas/química , Complemento C1s/antagonistas & inhibidores , Diseño de Fármacos , Polietilenglicoles/química , Inhibidores de Proteasas/síntesis química , Tiofenos/química , Animales , Complemento C1s/metabolismo , Semivida , Inhibidores de Proteasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacocinética , RatasRESUMEN
Pharmacokinetic studies in mice traditionally require one animal per time point, resulting in dosing and euthanizing a large number of animals and producing suboptimal quality of pharmacokinetic data due to inter-animal variability and dosing error. These studies are time-consuming and labor-intensive. To improve the throughput and quality of pharmacokinetic evaluation in mice, we have developed a serial blood sampling methodology using the lateral saphenous vein puncture technique. Two marketed drugs, indinavir and rosuvastatin, were selected for this validation study because of their distinctly different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Each compound was dosed orally and intravenously in mice using both discrete and serial blood sampling methods. The pharmacokinetic results from serial bleeding are in excellent agreement with those from discrete sampling for both compounds. Compared to the discrete sampling, the serial sampling procedure is a more humane method, allowing for rapid and repeated sampling from the same site without the need for anesthesia. The application of this new method has led to a remarkable reduction in animal and compound usage, a significant increase in throughput and speed, and a drastic improvement in pharmacokinetic data quality. This approach is especially useful for the first-tier in vivo pharmacokinetic screening of discovery compounds.
Asunto(s)
Disponibilidad Biológica , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/metabolismo , Farmacocinética , 2-Hidroxipropil-beta-Ciclodextrina , Administración Oral , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Diseño de Fármacos , Fluorobencenos/administración & dosificación , Fluorobencenos/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH/farmacocinética , Semivida , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/farmacocinética , Indinavir/administración & dosificación , Indinavir/farmacocinética , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Masculino , Ratones , Pirimidinas/administración & dosificación , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Rosuvastatina Cálcica , Sulfonamidas/administración & dosificación , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , beta-CiclodextrinasRESUMEN
2-Cyano-6-fluorophenylacetamide was explored as a novel P2 scaffold in the design of thrombin inhibitors. Optimization around this structural motif culminated in 14, which is a potent thrombin inhibitor (K(i)=1.2nM) that exhibits robust efficacy in canine anticoagulation and thrombosis models upon oral administration.
Asunto(s)
Acetamidas , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Anticoagulantes/administración & dosificación , Diseño de Fármacos , Nitrilos , Trombina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Trombosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Acetamidas/síntesis química , Acetamidas/farmacocinética , Acetamidas/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Animales , Anticoagulantes/síntesis química , Anticoagulantes/farmacocinética , Sitios de Unión , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Modelos Químicos , Nitrilos/síntesis química , Nitrilos/farmacocinética , Nitrilos/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The discovery, SAR, and X-ray crystal structure of novel biarylaminoacyl-(S)-2-cyano-pyrrolidines and biarylaminoacylthiazolidines as potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) are reported.
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Cristalografía por Rayos X/métodos , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Sitios de Unión , Glucemia/metabolismo , Células CACO-2 , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/metabolismo , Diseño de Fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Humanos , Cinética , Ratones , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Crystallographic analysis of ligands bound to HDM2 suggested that 7-substituted 1,4-diazepine-2,5-diones could mimic the alpha-helix of p53 peptide and may represent a promising scaffold to develop HDM2-p53 antagonists. To verify this hypothesis, we synthesized and biologically evaluated 5-[(3S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-[(R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-2,5-dioxo-7-phenyl-1,4-diazepin-1-yl]valeric acid (10) and 5-[(3S)-7-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-[(R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-2,5-dioxo-1,4-diazepin-1-yl]valeric acid (11). Preliminary in vitro testing shows that 10 and 11 substantially antagonize the binding between HDM2 and p53 with an IC(50) of 13 and 3.6 microM, respectively, validating the modeling predictions. Taken together with the high cell permeability of diazepine 11 determined in CACO-2 cells, these results suggest that 1,4-diazepine-2,5-diones may be useful in the treatment of certain cancers.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Azepinas/síntesis química , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Azepinas/farmacología , Células CACO-2 , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Ligandos , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-mdm2 , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pressure on drug discovery teams to predict the success of drug candidates earlier in the drug discovery process has led to the development of in vitro assays using human tissues, cells or fluids that aid chemists and biologists in their decision-making process. The use of human material is often related to the species-specific nature of the enzymatic biotransformations or transport processes that are involved in drug bioavailability. In vitro assays have been developed to indicate liabilities in scaffolds relating to the absorption, distribution or metabolism of new chemical entities. These models have been applied not only to screening and ranking of potential drug candidates but also to the understanding of the mechanisms leading to in vivo pharmacokinetic outcomes. The use of these models is leading to the development of structure-ADME property relationships in a manner similar to classical structure-activity relationship development, and in the future this is expected to lead to in silico models for predicting physiological and pharmacological effects prior to experimentation.