RESUMEN
AIM: Cholesterol intake is associated with the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, but no previous studies have evaluated its role regarding the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We investigate the relation between cholesterol intake and GDM. METHODS: At screening for GDM, 335 pregnant women were evaluated for dietary intake (including cholesterol) during the previous year (validated food-frequency questionnaire). RESULTS: Forty-one women were diagnosed with GDM and 294 did not meet the GDM criteria. Women with GDM were older (32.8+/-0.7 vs. 30.2+/-0.3 years; P=0.01) and had a higher body mass index (27.3+/-0.7 vs. 24.3+/-0.3 kg/m2; P=0.01) than women without GDM. They also had more frequently a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (51.2% vs. 40.0%; P=0.02) and history of previous GDM (14.6% vs. 1.7%; P=0.01), and were evaluated earlier in pregnancy (22.1+/-1.2 vs. 24.9+/-0.5 weeks; P=0.03). There were no significant differences between groups in smoking habit, and alcohol, total energy, protein, carbohydrate, fats and fiber intake. Women with GDM had a higher cholesterol intake than women without GDM (145.3+/-4.5 mg/1000 kcal vs. 134.5+/-1.6 mg/1000 kcal; P=0.03). In a multiple logistic regression model, previous GDM, BMI, age and cholesterol intake (OR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.09-3.23 for each increase of 50 mg/1000 kcal) were independently and positively associated with GDM. CONCLUSION: We conclude that cholesterol intake is independently associated with GDM and that it could be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM.
Asunto(s)
Colesterol en la Dieta , Diabetes Gestacional/fisiopatología , Adulto , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Enteral nutrition is a very adequate method to feed those patients who can not receive food by oral means, to be used only when their gastrointestinal functions are preserved and carry out a proper assimilation of nutrients. Starting from these facts, this article analyzes the various access ways which can be used in enteral nutrition, and the most commonly used enteral nutrition formulas, noting their possible classifications. The nutritional modules and the material necessary to employ this form of feeding, as well as the administrative guidelines, are also presented in this article.
