Career selection trends among recent gastroenterology fellowship graduates.

Various career paths exist for gastroenterology (GI) fellowship graduates across the country. These include further training, clinical or nonclinical job opportunities. Clinical career paths for those seeking jobs include academic positions or nonacademic positions (nonacademic hospital employed and private practice jobs). Data regarding career placement trends are limited. This study aims to explore temporal trends in career selection among new GI graduates. This is an observational cohort study. A list of GI fellowship programs was obtained from the FREIDA American Medical Association database. Programs with sufficient information on past graduate or alumni career placement after fellowship between 2017 and 2022 were included. Baseline characteristics and relevant information were collected. A Chi-square test was performed to assess the relationship between the categorical variables. A total of 203 GI fellowship programs were reviewed, among which only 21% (43/203) reported sufficient graduate career information. Across the 43 programs, 636 graduates were included. Thirty-three percent (210/636) of graduates were female. Forty-eight percent (308/636) of the graduates pursued nonacademic positions (nonacademic hospital employed and private practice jobs), 34% (216/636) into academic positions, and 17% (112/636) elected to do additional fellowship training. Both males and females were more likely to be employed in private practice (X2 = 12.8, df = 2, P = .002). Navigating through the decision-making process of selecting the first job after fellowship can be challenging. Our study reveals higher preference for nonacademic roles among graduates, consistent over 5 years, suggesting need to explore obstacles for academic positions or further training.

A Systematic Review of Reported Outcomes in ADPKD Studies.

Introduction: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a progressive genetic kidney disease. Studies of ADPKD presented results using different outcome measures. We aimed to summarize outcomes reported in ADPKD studies, including composite outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of published studies that included patients with ADPKD and measured kidney-related outcomes. We searched published databases and included all studies regardless of design with at least 100 participants for observational studies. We excluded studies that were limited to dialysis, transplant, or pregnancy outcomes in patients with ADPKD. Results: This review includes data from 175 published articles (49 randomized controlled trials, 2 interventional clinical trials, 30 post hoc analyses, and 94 observational studies). We identified 214 different outcomes, and we categorized them into the 24 main outcome domains. In addition, the review identified 13 articles that reported 9 different composite outcomes. Conclusion: The finding highlights the inconsistency in the outcomes reported by researchers and how they are measured in ADPKD studies. The variability in the outcomes reported supports the need to standardize outcomes in ADPKD studies.

Outcomes of long-term von Willebrand factor prophylaxis use in von Willebrand disease: A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is a common inherited bleeding disorder. Patients with VWD suffering from severe bleeding may benefit from the use of secondary long-term prophylaxis. AIM: Systematically summarize the evidence on the clinical outcomes of secondary long-term prophylaxis in patients with VWD and severe recurrent bleedings. METHODS: We searched Medline and EMBASE through October 2019 for relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies (OS) assessing the effects of secondary long-term prophylaxis in patients with VWD. We used Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) tool and the RoB for Non-Randomized Studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool to assess the quality of the included studies. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS: We included 12 studies. Evidence from one placebo controlled RCT suggested that VWD prophylaxis as compared to no prophylaxis reduced the rate of bleeding episodes (Rate ratio [RR], .24; 95% confidence interval [CI], .17-.35; low certainty evidence), and of epistaxis (RR, .38; 95%CI, .21-.67; moderate certainty evidence), and may increase serious adverse events RR 2.73 (95%CI .12-59.57; low certainty). Evidence from four before-and-after studies in which researchers reported comparative data suggested that VWD prophylaxis reduced the rate of bleeding (RR .34; 95%CI, .25-.46; very low certainty evidence). CONCLUSION: VWD prophylaxis treatment seems to reduce the risk of spontaneous bleeding, epistaxis, and hospitalizations. More RCTs should be conducted to increase the certainty in these benefits.

Kawasaki Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments.

OBJECTIVE: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a self-limited vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels with a predilection for the coronary arteries. Although treatment reduces the likelihood of developing of coronary artery aneurysms, 5% of patients still develop aneurysms despite treatment, making KD the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in the United States. Consequently, there is a great deal of interest in optimizing treatment regimens, particularly for higher-risk patients, to decrease morbidity. The aim of this systematic review is to support the development of the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation for the diagnosis and management of KD, focusing on the more complex scenarios in which rheumatologists may become involved, such as high-risk and refractory disease. METHODS: Eighty-nine articles were considered for full review in this systematic literature review to address 16 Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome questions related to KD. Data were abstracted in hierarchical fashion. Randomized control trials (RCTs) were considered first; if none were identified or if they contained insufficient information, comparative observational studies were then viewed, followed by single-arm observational studies/single arms from comparative studies. Only observational studies with more than 10 subjects with vasculitis were included. RESULTS: Eight RCTs and 28 observational studies that addressed the questions were identified. Two questions were addressed by RCTs, seven questions had at least some comparative observational studies, three questions were only addressed by single-arm data, and four questions had no relevant studies. CONCLUSION: This systematic review evaluates the benefits and harms of treatments for KD beyond first-line therapy.

Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Test Accuracy and Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments.

This systematic review compares treatment options for patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and evaluates the test accuracy of studies used in diagnosing and monitoring GCA. These studies were used to inform evidence-based recommendations for the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Vasculitis Foundation (VF) vasculitis management guidelines. A systematic review and search of articles in English in Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Articles were screened for suitability, and studies presenting the highest level of evidence were given preference. Three hundred ninety-nine full-text articles addressing GCA questions were reviewed to inform 27 Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome questions. No benefit was found with intravenous glucocorticoids (GCs) compared with high-dose oral GCs in patients with cranial ischemic symptoms (27.4% vs 12.3%; odds ratio [OR] 2.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-7.62], [very low certainty of evidence]). Weekly tocilizumab with a 26-week GC taper was superior to a 52-week GC taper in patients achieving remission (risk ratio 4.00 [95% CI 1.97-8.12], [low certainty of evidence]). Non-GC immunosuppressive therapies with GCs compared with GCs alone showed no statistically significant in relapse at 1 year (OR 0.87 [95% CI 0.73-1.04], [moderate certainty of evidence]) or serious adverse events (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.54-1.20]; [moderate certainty of evidence]). Temporal artery biopsy has a sensitivity of 61% (95% CI 38%-79%) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI 95%-99%) in patients with a clinical diagnosis of suspected GCA. This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the benefits and harms of different treatment options and the accuracy of commonly used tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of GCA.

Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis and Microscopic Polyangiitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systemic review is to compare different treatments for patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) to inform evidence-based recommendations for the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Vasculitis Foundation (VF) Vasculitis Management Guidelines. METHODS: A systemic review was conducted by searching articles in English using OVID Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Articles were screened for suitability in addressing PICO questions, with studies presenting the highest level of evidence given preference. RESULTS: A total of 729 full-text articles addressing GPA and MPA PICO questions were reviewed. For remission induction, rituximab was shown to be noninferior to cyclophosphamide (CYC) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.55, moderate certainty of evidence). The addition of plasma exchange to induction therapy in severe disease did not improve the composite end point of death or end stage renal disease (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.86 [95% confidence interval CI: 0.65, 1.13], moderate certainty of evidence). In nonsevere disease, methotrexate was noninferior to CYC for induction of remission (remission at 6 months of 90% vs. 94%). For maintenance of remission, methotrexate and azathioprine showed no difference in the risk of relapse over a mean follow-up of 29 months (HR: 0.92, [95% CI: 0.52, 1.65]low certainty of evidence). As maintenance therapy, rituximab was superior to a tapering azathioprine strategy in major relapse-free survival at 28 months (HR: 6.61, [95% CI: 1.56, 27.96], moderate certainty of evidence). In two randomized trials, longer-term azathioprine maintenance therapy (>24 months) is associated with fewer relapses without an increase in adverse events. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the benefits and toxicities of different treatment options for GPA and MPA.

Polyarteritis Nodosa: A Systematic Review of Test Accuracy and Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments.

OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to analyze the benefits and harms of different treatment options and to analyze test accuracy used in the evaluation of patients with primary systemic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). METHODS: A systematic search of published English-language literature was performed in Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from the inception of each database through August 2019. Articles were screened for suitability in addressing patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome questions, with studies presenting the highest level of evidence given preference. RESULTS: Of 137 articles selected for data abstraction, we analyzed 21 observational studies and seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The results showed indirect evidence that a deep skin biopsy provides good diagnostic accuracy. A combined nerve and muscle biopsy should be obtained for patients with PAN with peripheral neuropathy. Cyclophosphamide with high-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) is effective as an induction treatment for newly diagnosed active and severe PAN. GC monotherapy is adequate in the majority of patients with nonsevere PAN, although it has a high relapse rate with GC taper. There was insufficient data in determining the optimal duration of non-GC and GC maintenance therapy. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are effective treatment for patients with deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) with stroke and vasculitis manifestations. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the harms and benefits of different treatment options and the accuracy of commonly used tests for the diagnosis of systemic PAN. Data for diagnosis and management of PAN and DADA2 are mostly limited to observational studies. More high-quality RCTs are needed.

Takayasu Arteritis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Test Accuracy and Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments.

OBJECTIVE: Takayasu's arteritis (TAK) is a granulomatous large-vessel vasculitis primarily affecting the aorta and its proximal branches. TAK can be a difficult disease to diagnose and manage given the rarity of the disease as well as current limitations in biomarkers, imperfect imaging modalities, and few randomized controlled trials. METHODS: In developing the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of TAK, we performed an extensive systematic literature review to guide our recommendations. We included RCTs first. When RCTs were not available, we included observational studies that reported on patient-important outcomes for the intervention and comparison. When studies with comparative data were not available, we included case series that present patient-important outcomes for either the intervention or the comparison. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-seven articles were included for full review to answer 27 population, intervention, comparison, and outcome questions related to TAK. Ten studies were evaluated that addressed the use of glucocorticoids (GCs), non-GC nonbiologic therapies, as well as biologics in treating TAK. A total of 33 studies, including 8 comparative studies, were included to determine the test accuracy of commonly available diagnostic tests for TAK. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the benefits and harms of different treatment options and the accuracy of commonly used tests for the management of TAK.

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Test Accuracy and Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments.

OBJECTIVE: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is part of a group of vasculitides commonly referred to as antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), in addition to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and renal-limited vasculitis. Patients with EGPA characteristically have asthma and marked peripheral eosinophilia with only approximately 30% to 35% of patients being myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA positive, distinguishing it from other forms of AAV (1,2). The aim of this systematic review is to support the development of the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of EGPA. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of the literature for seven forms of primary systemic vasculitis (GPA, MPA, EGPA, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, giant cell arteritis, and Takayasu arteritis). The search was done for articles in English using Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Articles were screened for suitability in addressing population/patients, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions, with studies presenting the highest level of evidence given preference. Two independent reviewers conducted a title/abstract screen and full-text review for each eligible study. RESULTS: The initial search, conducted in August 2019, included 13 800 articles, of which 2596 full-text articles were reviewed. There were 190 articles (addressing 34 PICO questions) reporting on the diagnosis and management of EGPA. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the accuracy of commonly used tests for EGPA as well as benefits and toxicities of different treatment options.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common, potentially life-threatening yet treatable condition. Prompt diagnosis and expeditious therapeutic intervention is of paramount importance for optimal patient management. Our objective was to systematically review the accuracy of D-dimer assay, compression ultrasonography (CUS), computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning for the diagnosis of suspected first and recurrent PE. We searched Cochrane Central, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for eligible studies, reference lists of relevant reviews, registered trials, and relevant conference proceedings. 2 investigators screened and abstracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. We pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. The review included 61 studies. The pooled estimates for D-dimer sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-0.98) and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.36-0.46) respectively, whereas CTPA sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-0.97) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97-0.99), respectively, and CUS sensitivity and specificity were 0.49 (95% CI, 0.31-0.66) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.95-0.98), respectively. Three variations of pooled estimates for sensitivity and specificity of V/Q scan were carried out, based on interpretation of test results. D-dimer had the highest sensitivity when compared with imaging. CTPA and V/Q scans (high probability scan as a positive and low/non-diagnostic/normal scan as negative) both had the highest specificity. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42018084669.

Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy.

Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) accounts for ≤10% of DVT and can be associated with morbidity and mortality. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are necessary for safe and effective patient management. We systematically reviewed the accuracy of D-dimer and duplex ultrasonography (US) for the evaluation of suspected first-episode UEDVT. We searched the Cochrane Central Register, OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed for eligible studies, reference lists of relevant reviews, registered trials, and relevant conference proceedings. We included prospective cross-sectional and cohort studies that evaluated test accuracy. Two investigators independently screened and collected data. The risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. We pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. The review included 9 studies. The pooled estimates for D-dimer sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-0.99) and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.43-0.52), respectively. The pooled estimates for duplex US sensitivity and specificity were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.73-0.94) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.72-0.93), respectively. Certainty of evidence was moderate. In this review, we summarized the test accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of D-dimer and duplex US for this indication. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests found in the present review should be considered in the context of whether they are used alone or in combination, which is dependent on the prevalence of disease in the population, the clinical setting in which the patient is being evaluated, cost, potential harms, and patient outcomes. This study was registered at PROSPERO as Systematic Review Registration Number CRD42018098488.

Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities can be associated with significant morbidity and may progress to pulmonary embolism and postthrombotic syndrome. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize the risk of these complications. We systematically reviewed the accuracy of diagnostic tests for first-episode and recurrent DVT of the lower extremities, including proximal compression ultrasonography (US), whole leg US, serial US, and high-sensitivity quantitative D-dimer assays. We searched Cochrane Central, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for eligible studies, reference lists of relevant reviews, registered trials, and relevant conference proceedings. Two investigators screened and abstracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. We pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity. The review included 43 studies. For any suspected DVT, the pooled estimates for sensitivity and specificity of proximal compression US were 90.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.5-92.8) and 98.5% (95% CI, 97.6-99.1), respectively. For whole-leg US, pooled estimates were 94.0% (95% CI, 91.3-95.9) and 97.3% (95% CI, 94.8-98.6); for serial US pooled estimates were 97.9% (95% CI, 96.0-98.9) and 99.8% (95% CI, 99.3-99.9). For D-dimer, pooled estimates were 96.1% (95% CI, 92.6-98.0) and 35.7% (95% CI, 29.5-42.4). Recurrent DVT studies were not pooled. Certainty of evidence varied from low to high. This systematic review of current diagnostic tests for DVT of the lower extremities provides accuracy estimates. The tests are evaluated when performed in a stand-alone fashion, and in a diagnostic pathway. The pretest probability of DVT often assessed by a clinical decision rule will influence how, together with sensitivity and specificity estimates, patients will be managed.

Maxillary Osteomyelitis with an Incidental Diagnosis of Maxillary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report.

Raoultella planticola osteomyelitis is rarely reported in the literature. The most likely source in our case is the oral microbiome secondary to the tooth extraction. Herein we present a case of Raoultella planticola osteomyelitis of the jaw that leads to the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the jaw. A 75-year-old male with no significant medical history, presented to the emergency department with right upper jaw pain after he had a tooth extraction a week before his presentation. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the face showed concerns of right maxillary osteomyelitis with soft tissue swelling and prominent cervical lymph nodes. He underwent a bone biopsy of the maxilla and was started on intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam. His bone culture grew pan-sensitive Raoultella planticola. in addition to that, his bone biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the jaw. The patient underwent staging imaging, and he was found to have metastasis to the liver. He was started on chemotherapy and had a good response. In conclusion, Raoultella planticola osteomyelitis is extremely rare. The diagnosis of maxillary DLBCL can be a challenge. Fortunately, our patient had an infection at the same site that led to the diagnosis of DLBCL.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Causing Renocolic Fistula Presenting as Symptomatic Anemia.

Renocolic fistula is a rare clinical finding that is most commonly iatrogenic after surgical intervention. Herein, we present a case of renocolic fistula secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) with a subtle presentation as anemia. A 40-year-old female was found to have a hemoglobin of 6.5 g/dL after presenting for worsening fatigue. A urinalysis was remarkable for numerous white blood cell (WBC), positive bacteria, and nitrite. As part of her anemia workup, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was done which was normal while a colonoscopy showed a fistula opening with surrounding nodularity close to the splenic flexure of the colon. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast showed chronic left kidney pyelonephritis with multiple contiguous abscesses in the inferior left kidney in addition to a staghorn calculus concerning for XGP. The patient was started on antibiotics and underwent laparotomy with repair of the renocolic fistula, partial omentectomy, and left nephrectomy. She tolerated the surgery well and was discharged with a stable hemoglobin. XGP is a rare type of chronic pyelonephritis that is usually a result of chronic obstruction by an infected stone. Spontaneous renocolic fistulas are rare nowadays with the advancement in antibiotics and renal stones treatment.

Idiopathic Intestinal Angioedema: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Angioedema is an allergic reaction that usually involves the face and pharynx. Intestinal angioedema is a rare subtype that is typically linked to the use of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEIs). Intestinal angioedema is challenging to diagnose, as it can mimic gastroenteritis or other inflammatory bowel conditions. Herein, we present a 34-year-old female who presented with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain. She underwent extensive workup for her abdominal pain and rash, and all was unrevealing except for high Immunoglobulin E (Ig E). Multiple imaging came back negative for any pathology. The allergy and immunology team evaluated the patient, and they believed her symptoms are likely caused by isolated intestinal angioedema with a histamine-related rash. She was started on high doses of antihistamines; her symptoms partially improved. Subsequently, she was started on a trial of omalizumab, which resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms. In conclusion, intestinal angioedema is a rare disease that should be suspected in cases of recurrent abdominal pain with negative workup, especially if the patient is taking ACEIs. Few cases were reported in the literature for patients on ACEI. In our case, the diagnosis was a challenge, as the patient was never on ACEI.