Neocuproine-Based Sensitive Flow Injection Method for Mefenamic Acid Determination in Aqueous Solutions and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Introducción: Se presenta un enfoque novedoso y preciso para la estimación del ácido mefenámico (MEF) en for-mulaciones farmacéuticas y soluciones acuosas, utilizando espectrofotometría de inyección de flujo. Del mismo modo, este método demuestra un alto nivel de sensibilidad y precisiónMétodo: Se basa en la reducción del complejo Cu (II)-2,9DMP a complejo Cu (I)-2,9DMP coloreado, mediante dos pasos de reacción. Sin embargo, en el primer paso se produce la reacción entre la neocuproína y el Cu (ΙΙ) para for-mar un complejo incoloro de Cu (II) -2,9DMP, y en el segundo paso el ácido mefenámico redujo el complejo incoloro formado a Cu (I) - 2,9DMP con color amarillo anaranjado, se desarrolló y validó el método de inyección de flujo.Resultados: La medición de la densidad óptica de las sustancias amarillo-naranja se realizó a una longitud de onda de 454 nm. Los gráficos de calibración muestran linealidad dentro de los rangos de concentración especificados de 1,00-80,00 μg / ml. El límite de detección (LOD) se determina en 0,360 μg/ml, mientras que el límite de cuantifi-cación (LOQ) se encuentra en 1.093 μg/ml.Conclusiones: la metodología propuesta exhibió atributos notables como rapidez, sensibilidad y confiabilidad, lo que la hace adecuada para la cuantificación precisa de (MEF) en formulaciones farmacéuticas y soluciones acuosas en diversas formulaciones disponibles comercialmente. (AU)

Introduction: A novel and precise approach is presented for the mefenamic acid (MEF) estimation in pharmaceuti-cal formulations and aqueous solutions, utilizing flow injection spectrophotometry. Similarly, this method demon-strates a high level of sensitivity and accuracy.Method: The suggested method is based on the reducing of Cu(II)-2,9DMP complex to coloured Cu(I)- 2,9DMP com-plex ,by two step of reaction. However, in the first step the reaction is occur between neocuproine and Cu(ΙΙ) to form colorless complex of Cu(II)-2,9DMP, then in second step mefenamic acid reduced the formed colorless complex to Cu(I)- 2,9DMP with yellow orange colour, Flow Injection Method were developed and validated.Results: The measurement of the optical density of the yellow-orange substances was conducted at a wavelength of 454 nm. The calibration graphs exhibit linearity within the specified concentration ranges of 1.00-80.00 μg/mL. The detection limit (LOD) is determined to be 0.360 μg/ mL, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) is found to be 1.093 μg/ mL.Conclusions: the proposed methodology exhibited notable attributes such as rapidity, sensitivity, and reliability, rendering it suitable for the accurate quantification of (MEF) in pharmaceutical formulations and aqueous solutions in various commercially available formulations. (AU)

Surgical repair of large pulmonary artery to left atrium fistula.

We report a successful surgical closure of a rught pulmonary artery to left atrium fistula (RPALAF) with secondary atrial septal defect (ASD) in a 3.5 years old girl. These fistulae are rare cause of cyanosis and require early diagnosis and treatment to prevent the serious complications of them.

Interrelation of the Circulating and Tissue MicroRNA-21 with Tissue PDCD4 Expression and the Invasiveness of Iraqi Female Breast Tumors.

The changes in the translational repression and variation in mRNA degradation induced by micro RNA are important aspects of tumorigenesis. The association of microRNA-21 with clinicopathologic features and expression of programed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in Iraqi female's with breast tumors has not been studied. MicroRNAs were extracted from a set of 60 breast tumor tissues and blood samples of females with breast cancer and benign breast lesions obtained after breast-reductive surgery, and only blood samples from 30 normal volunteers. These extracts were evaluated for miR-21 expression by quantitative RT-PCR. Analysis of PDCD4 protein expression was carried out as miR-21 target gene by immunohistochemical tests and correlating the results with patients' clinicopathological features. Significant overexpression of miRNA-21 was found in breast cancer group. The fold increase in the miR-21 gene expression was significantly higher in circulating exosomes and breast tissues of breast cancer patients as compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Overexpression of miR-21 was also significantly associated with the advanced tumor stage and histological grade. In breast cancer patients, PDCD4 protein expression was decreased to about 70% of the level in the control group. The delta Ct of exosomal and breast tissue miRNA-21 was negatively associated with PDCD4 expression. In conclusion, the translational repression of the PDCD4 induced by the high expression of miR-21 promotes breast cell transformation and development of breast tumor, and circulating miR-21 level could be applied to the screening panels for early detection of women breast cancer.