Viral infections in atopic dermatitis.

Individuals with atopic dermatitis are susceptible to frequent viral skin infections due to a compromised epidermal barrier function and immune dysregulation. The diagnosis and management of viral infections in atopic dermatitis can be challenging due to various clinical phenotypes and overlapping clinical features. The literature is reviewed for the diagnosis, aetiology, management, differential diagnoses and complications of these viral infections to provide an up-to-date clinical overview for clinicians involved in caring for patients with atopic dermatitis, including patients with skin of colour. The importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in cases of uncertainty is crucial due to the risk of life-threatening complications with some viral infections. The differing presentations of these infections in patients with skin of colour is highlighted as an underrepresented area of research. Future research with greater diversity of patients is needed for patients with atopic dermatitis complicated by viral skin infections.

Low referral rate of overweight/obese patients with hidradenitis suppurativa to weight-management services: a missed opportunity?

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Referral of overweight/obese patients with HS to weight-management (WM) services is advised as this may help reduce HS disease severity and cardiovascular risk. A retrospective observational study of 50 patients with HS attending a specialist HS clinic was conducted to assess general practitioner referral patterns of overweight/obese patients with HS for WM. Forty-two patients (84%) were classified as overweight or obese. None of 6 overweight patients and none of 18 obese class 1 patients had been referred to WM prior to dermatology referral, while only 2 of 10 (20%) obese class 2 and 3 of 8 (38%) obese class 3 patients had been referred. The overall WM referral rate for overweight/obese patients was only 12% (n = 5/42). The low referral rate suggests that further efforts are required to diagnose overweight/obesity in primary care, improve the provision of WM services and educate medical professionals that HS is a weight-related comorbidity.

Patient perspectives of artificial intelligence as a medical device in a skin cancer pathway.

The use of artificial intelligence as a medical device (AIaMD) in healthcare systems is increasing rapidly. In dermatology, this has been accelerated in response to increasing skin cancer referral rates, workforce shortages and backlog generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence regarding patient perspectives of AIaMD is currently lacking in the literature. Patient acceptability is fundamental if this novel technology is to be effectively integrated into care pathways and patients must be confident that it is implemented safely, legally, and ethically. A prospective, single-center, single-arm, masked, non-inferiority, adaptive, group sequential design trial, recruited patients referred to a teledermatology cancer pathway. AIaMD assessment of dermoscopic images were compared with clinical or histological diagnosis, to assess performance (NCT04123678). Participants completed an online questionnaire to evaluate their views regarding use of AIaMD in the skin cancer pathway. Two hundred and sixty eight responses were received between February 2020 and August 2021. The majority of respondents were female (57.5%), ranged in age between 18 and 93 years old, Fitzpatrick type I-II skin (81.3%) and all 6 skin types were represented. Overall, there was a positive sentiment regarding potential use of AIaMD in skin cancer pathways. The majority of respondents felt confident in computers being used to help doctors diagnose and formulate management plans (median = 70; interquartile range (IQR) = 50-95) and as a support tool for general practitioners when assessing skin lesions (median = 85; IQR = 65-100). Respondents were comfortable having their photographs taken with a mobile phone device (median = 95; IQR = 70-100), which is similar to other studies assessing patient acceptability of teledermatology services. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study evaluating patient perspectives of AIaMD in skin cancer pathways in the UK. Patient involvement is essential for the development and implementation of new technologies. Continued end-user feedback will allow refinement of services to ensure patient acceptability. This study demonstrates patient acceptability of the use of AIaMD in both primary and secondary care settings.

The nexus between circular economy innovation, market competitiveness, and triple bottom lines efficiencies among SMEs: evidence from emerging economies.

Recently, the trend of circular economy innovation (CEI) drive SMEs to initiate more sustainable practices to attain market competitiveness but rare attention has been paid in emerging economies. Hence, this study plans to explore the impacts of CEI on the triple bottom lines (TBL) efficiencies in the light of market competitiveness among the production SMEs in emerging economies. The study complied data by using a survey-based technique in Pakistan, Malaysia, and China. With a sample of 306 for each segment, data were evaluated with PLS-SEM to clarify results. The findings reveal that CEI has positive significant effects on the market competitiveness and TBL efficiencies among the production SMEs in emerging economies. The findings also clarify that market competitiveness mediates the relationship between CEI and the TBL efficiencies. The findings elaborate the theoretical foundations for environmental-based production SMEs to formulate more sustainable strategies in the light of CEI to gain market competitiveness. It also clarifies the understandings of policy makers and environmental regulators by providing a novel precursor to frame the environment-based TBL guidelines for SMEs. It adds to the UN sustainability agenda by elevating the role of CEI as a novel domain among emerging economies grounded on the resource-based view theory.

How to recognize and manage skin toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a practical approach.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized treatment strategies in the field of oncology. Their favourable outcomes in terms of efficacy and side-effect profile can be thwarted by the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Cutaneous irAEs are relatively common in patients undergoing immunotherapy and include common inflammatory dermatoses (e.g. eczematous, psoriasiform and lichenoid phenotypes), maculopapular eruptions, pruritus and immunobullous disorders. Most of these reactions can be managed without ICIs having to be stopped completely; however, there are some life-threatening toxicities that dermatologists and oncologists should be aware of. In this review, we focus on how to recognize the commonly associated cutaneous irAEs, touching upon rarer reactions and red flags; finally, we provide guidance on their management.