Comparative roadmaps of reprogramming and oncogenic transformation identify Bcl11b and Atoh8 as broad regulators of cellular plasticity.

Coordinated changes of cellular plasticity and identity are critical for pluripotent reprogramming and oncogenic transformation. However, the sequences of events that orchestrate these intermingled modifications have never been comparatively dissected. Here, we deconvolute the cellular trajectories of reprogramming (via Oct4/Sox2/Klf4/c-Myc) and transformation (via Ras/c-Myc) at the single-cell resolution and reveal how the two processes intersect before they bifurcate. This approach led us to identify the transcription factor Bcl11b as a broad-range regulator of cell fate changes, as well as a pertinent marker to capture early cellular intermediates that emerge simultaneously during reprogramming and transformation. Multiomics characterization of these intermediates unveiled a c-Myc/Atoh8/Sfrp1 regulatory axis that constrains reprogramming, transformation and transdifferentiation. Mechanistically, we found that Atoh8 restrains cellular plasticity, independent of cellular identity, by binding a specific enhancer network. This study provides insights into the partitioned control of cellular plasticity and identity for both regenerative and cancer biology.

[Breastfeeding: opinion and knowledge of pharmacists. A study in a semi-urban territory]. / Allaitement maternel : opinions et connaissances des pharmaciens dans la métropole lilloise.

BACKGROUND: Because of the French delay regarding breastfeeding compared to other Europeans countries, its promotion was one of the 9 specific nutritional goals of the 2001, 2006, and 2011 National Nutritional Health Program. The objective of this study was to establish the opinion and knowledge of pharmacists from a selected semi-urban territory of the Lille metropolitan area on breastfeeding. METHOD: The 33 pharmacies around the city of Villeneuve-d'Ascq were contacted. First, the goal and the principles of the study were presented to the pharmacists and they were invited to participate in a survey. This survey was divided into 6 topics with 26 questions. The topics were: advice on breastfeeding, pain and inflammation during breastfeeding, use of a breast pump, preservation and reheating of breast milk, breastfeeding and medication, breastfeeding and contraception, and breastfeeding promotion. The survey also evaluated their willingness to promote breastfeeding and the assistance needed for undertaking this promotion. By counting the right answers from 13 of the 26 questions, a global grade was calculated reflecting the knowledge of the participants. The maximum grade was 20 because many questions had several correct answers. RESULTS: Twenty-nine pharmacies agreed to participate (participation rate, 88%). The mean grade was 13.4 (95% CI: 12.7-14.0). Professional and personal experience had no influence on the grades. In the opinion of the pharmacists, the 3 topics most frequently raised by women were cracked nipples, mastitis, and painful breast (quoted by 83% of the pharmacists), the infant formula to use as a complete or partial substitute for breastfeeding (66%), and breastfeeding and medication (59%). Fifty-five percent of the participants were aware of the WHO recommendations on exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age. The desire to promote breastfeeding was strong (68%). Thus, all pharmacists favored the distribution of a leaflet giving information on breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: This study shows a strong desire to promote breastfeeding among the pharmacists surveyed. It allows focusing on the themes that could be the target for continuing education, based on mothers' needs.

[Factors altering low-flow drug delivery using syringe pumps: Consequences on vasoactive drug infusion in preterm infant]. / Facteurs influençant la délivrance de substances perfusées à faible débit par seringue autopulsée: conséquences sur la perfusion de médicaments vasoactifs chez l'enfant prématuré

UNLABELLED: The infusion of vasoactive drugs in preterm babies using syringe pumps can be complicated by important variations in the infusion rate. AIMS OF THE STUDY: 1) to assess the time between pump start and the actual presence of a substance in the circulation, when using slow rates; 2) to evaluate the effects of changes in the main infusion rate on substance rates infused on the same line. METHODS: We used 10% glucose to mimic vasoactive drugs. The main infusion consisted of saline, and both were infused on the same line using syringe pumps. Glucose concentration was measured at the end of the line. RESULTS: The time between pump start and the actual infusion of glucose depended on syringe volume and on the adjustment of the syringe in the pump. There was a transient increase in glucose rate when the main rate increased, and a transient decrease when the main rate decreased. CONCLUSION: To minimize the time before a substance is actually infused, one should use low volume syringes and correctly adjust the syringe in the pump. Moreover, when a steady infusion rate is necessary, one should avoid variations in the main infusion rate.