Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and Pulmonary Involvement in COVID-19 Pneumonia.

Background: The aim of the study was to longitudinally evaluate the association between MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and chest radiological findings in COVID-19 patients. Methods: COVID-19 patients were evaluated based on their hospital admission (baseline) and three months after hospital discharge (T post) and were stratified into ARDS and non-ARDS groups. As a control group, healthy donors (HD) were enrolled. Results: At the baseline, compared to HD (n = 53), COVID-19 patients (n = 129) showed higher plasma levels of MMP-9 (p < 0.0001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.0001) and the higher plasma activity of MMP-2 (p < 0.0001) and MMP-9 (p < 0.0001). In the ARDS group, higher plasma levels of MMP-9 (p = 0.0339) and TIMP-1 (p = 0.0044) and the plasma activity of MMP-2 (p = 0.0258) and MMP-9 (p = 0.0021) compared to non-ARDS was observed. A positive correlation between the plasma levels of TIMP-1 and chest computed tomography (CT) score (ρ = 0.2302, p = 0.0160) was observed. At the T post, a reduction in plasma levels of TIMP-1 (p < 0.0001), whereas an increase in the plasma levels of MMP-9 was observed (p = 0.0088). Conclusions: The positive correlation between TIMP-1 with chest CT scores highlights its potential use as a marker of fibrotic burden. At T post, the increase in plasma levels of MMP-9 and the reduction in plasma levels of TIMP-1 suggested that inflammation and fibrosis resolution were still ongoing.

Peritoneal Carcinosis: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.

Peritoneal carcinosis is a condition characterized by the spread of cancer cells to the peritoneum, which is the thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is a serious condition that can result from many different types of cancer, including ovarian, colon, stomach, pancreatic, and appendix cancer. The diagnosis and quantification of lesions in peritoneal carcinosis are critical in the management of patients with the condition, and imaging plays a central role in this process. Radiologists play a vital role in the multidisciplinary management of patients with peritoneal carcinosis. They need to have a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of the condition, the underlying neoplasms, and the typical imaging findings. In addition, they need to be aware of the differential diagnoses and the advantages and disadvantages of the various imaging methods available. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis and quantification of lesions, and radiologists play a critical role in this process. Ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and PET/CT scans are used to diagnose peritoneal carcinosis. Each imaging procedure has advantages and disadvantages, and particular imaging techniques are recommended based on patient conditions. Our aim is to provide knowledge to radiologists regarding appropriate techniques, imaging findings, differential diagnoses, and treatment options. With the advent of AI in oncology, the future of precision medicine appears promising, and the interconnection between structured reporting and AI is likely to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes for patients with peritoneal carcinosis.

Chest CT features of COVID-19 in vaccinated versus unvaccinated patients: use of CT severity score and outcome analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of vaccination on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and moreover on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, by assessing the extent of lung disease using the CT severity score (CTSS). METHODS: Between September 2021 and February 2022, SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who underwent chest CT were retrospectively enrolled. Anamnestic and clinical data, including vaccination status, were obtained. All CT scans were evaluated by two readers using the CTSS, based on a 25-point scale. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between CTSS and clinical or demographic variables. An outcome analysis was used to differentiate clinical outcome between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. RESULTS: Of the 1040 patients (537 males, 503 females; median age 58 years), 678 (65.2%) were vaccinated and 362 (34.8%) unvaccinated. Vaccinated patients showed significantly lower CTSS compared to unvaccinated patients (p < 0.001), also when patients without lung involvement (CTSS = 0) were excluded (p < 0.001). Older age, male gender and lower number of doses administered were associated with higher CTSS, however, in the multivariate analysis, vaccination status resulted to be the variable with the strongest association with CTSS. Clinical outcomes were significantly worse in unvaccinated patients, including higher number of ICU admissions and higher mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: Lung involvement during COVID-19 was significantly less severe in vaccinated patients compared with unvaccinated patients, who also showed worse clinical outcomes. Vaccination status was the strongest variable associated to the severity of COVID-related, more than age, gender, and number of doses administered.

The management of oligometastatic disease in colorectal cancer: Present strategies and future perspectives.

Oligometastatic disease has been described as an intermediate clinical state between localized cancer and systemically metastasized disease. Recent clinical studies have shown prolonged survival when aggressive locoregional approaches are added to systemic therapies in patients with oligometastases. The aim of this review is to outline the newest options to treat oligometastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), also considering its molecular patterns. We present an overview of the available local treatment strategies, including surgical procedures, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), thermal ablation, as well as trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT). Moreover, since imaging methods provide crucial information for the early diagnosis and management of oligometastatic CRC, we discuss the role of modern radiologic techniques in selecting patients that are amenable to potentially curative locoregional treatments.

Predictive role of diffusion-weighted MRI in the assessment of response to total neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in the assessment of response to total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). METHODS: In this single-center retrospective study, patients with LARC who underwent staging MRI and TNT were enrolled. MRI-based staging, tumor volume, and DWI-ADC values were analyzed. Patients were classified as complete responders (pCR) and non-complete responders (non-pCR), according to post-surgical outcome. Pre-treatment ADC values were compared to pathological outcome, post-treatment downstaging, and reduction of tumor volume. The diagnostic accuracy of DWI-ADC in differentiating between pCR and non-pCR groups was calculated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients were evaluated (pCR, n = 20; non-pCR, n = 16). Pre-treatment ADC values were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.034), while no association was found between pre-TNT tumor volume and pathological response. ADC values showed significant correlations with loco-regional downstaging after therapy (r = -0.537, p = 0.022), and with the reduction of tumor volume (r = -0.480, p = 0.044). ADC values were able to differentiate pCR from non-pCR patients with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 70%. CONCLUSIONS: ADC values on pre-treatment MRI were strongly associated with the outcome in patients with LARC, both in terms of pathological response and in loco-regional downstaging after TNT, suggesting the use of DW-MRI as a potential predictive tool of response to therapy. KEY POINTS: • ADC values of pre-TNT MRI examinations of patients with LARC were significantly associated with a pathological complete response (pCR) and with post-treatment regression of TNM staging. • An ADC value of 1.042 ×10-3 mm2/s was found to be the optimal cutoff value for discriminating between pCR and non-pCR patients, with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 70%. • DW-MRI proved to have a potential predictive role in the assessment of response to therapy in patients with LARC, throughout the analysis of ADC map values.

Selected Patients With Peritoneal Metastases From Breast Cancer May Benefit From Cytoreductive Surgery: The Results of a Multicenter Survey.

Background: Even though breast cancer is the most frequent extra-abdominal tumor causing peritoneal metastases, clear clinical guidelines are lacking. Our aim is to establish whether cytoreductive surgery (CRS) could be considered in selected patients with peritoneal metastases from breast cancer (PMBC) to manage abdominal spread and allow patients to resume or complete other medical treatments. Methods: We considered patients with PMBC treated in 10 referral centers from January 2002 to May 2019. Clinical data included primary cancer characteristics (age, histology, and TNM) and data on metastatic disease (interval between primary BC and PM, molecular subtype, other metastases, and peritoneal spread). Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariable data for OS were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Of the 49 women with PMBC, 20 were treated with curative aim (CRS with or without HIPEC) and 29 were treated with non-curative procedures. The 10-year OS rate was 27%. Patients treated with curative intent had a better OS than patients treated with non-curative procedures (89.2% vs. 6% at 36 months, p < 0.001). Risk factors significantly influencing survival were age at primary BC, interval between BC and PM diagnosis, extra-peritoneal metastases, and molecular subtype. Conclusions: The improved outcome in selected cases after a multidisciplinary approach including surgery should lead researchers to regard PMBC patients with greater attention despite their scarce epidemiological impact. Our collective efforts give new information, suggest room for improvement, and point to further research for a hitherto poorly studied aspect of metastatic BC.

Intensified Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Versus Intensified Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To compare clinical outcomes following intensified total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and intensified neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of the 79 patients with LARC admitted to our department, 51 received intensified neoadjuvant CRT (CRT group) and 28 received intensified TNT (TNT group). Intensified TNT was defined as multi-agent chemotherapy, including FOLFOXIRI regimen plus bevacizumab (mutated Ras-BRAF) or panitumumab/cetuximab (wild-type Ras-BRAF) followed by oxaliplatin-5-fluorouracil-based CRT and surgery. Kaplan-Meier and Log rank test were used for survival analysis. Survival rates of the two groups were compared using propensity score matching. RESULTS: Data from 28 TNT patients and 28 CRT patients were analyzed after a 1:1 propensity matching with replacement. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates with TNT were comparable to those with CRT. The 5-year DMFS rates for TNT and CRT were 61.5% versus 63.0% (p=0.82), respectively. In the TNT group, 32.1% patients (n=9) achieved pathological complete response (pCR), whereas 21.4% patients (n=6) achieved pCR with CRT (p=0.37). CONCLUSION: Intensified TNT and CRT resulted in similar survival outcomes, while intensified TNT led to higher pCR, albeit not statistically significant.

Role of CT texture analysis for predicting peritoneal metastases in patients with gastric cancer.

PURPOSE: Aim of the study was to perform CT texture analysis in patients with gastric cancer (GC) to investigate potential role of radiomics for predicting the occurrence of peritoneal metastases (PM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single-centre retrospective study, patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and surgically confirmed presence or absence of PM were, respectively, enrolled in group PM and group non-PM. Patients with T1-staging, previous treatment or presence of imaging artifacts were excluded from the study. Pre-operative CT examinations were evaluated. Acquisition protocol consisted of gastric distension with water, pre-contrast and arterial phases on upper abdomen and portal phase on thorax and whole abdomen. Texture analysis was performed on portal phase images: the region of interest was manually drawn along the margins of the primitive lesion on each slice and the volume of interest of the whole tumour was obtained. A total of 38 texture parameters were extracted and analysed. ROC curves were performed on significant texture features (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression was conducted on features with the best AUC to identify differentiating variables for both groups. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients were evaluated (group PM, n = 45; group non-PM, n = 45). T2/T3 tumours were prevalent in group non-PM, T4 was significantly associated with group PM. Significant differences between the two groups were observed for 22/38 texture parameters. Volume and GLRLM_LRHGE showed the greatest AUC in ROC curve analysis (0.737 and 0.734, respectively) and were found to be independent differentiating variables of group PM in the multiple regression analysis (OR 8.44, [95% CI, 1.52-46.8] and OR 18.99 [95% CI, 84-195.31], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results suggest the potential value of CT texture analysis for predicting the risk of PM from GC, which may be helpful to stratify patients and address them to the most appropriate treatment.

Structured Reporting of Computed Tomography in the Staging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Delphi Consensus Proposal.

Background: Structured reporting (SR) in radiology is becoming increasingly necessary and has been recognized recently by major scientific societies. This study aims to build structured CT-based reports in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms during the staging phase in order to improve communication between the radiologist and members of multidisciplinary teams. Materials and Methods: A panel of expert radiologists, members of the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology, was established. A Modified Delphi process was used to develop the SR and to assess a level of agreement for all report sections. Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient was used to assess internal consistency for each section and to measure quality analysis according to the average inter-item correlation. Results: The final SR version was built by including n=16 items in the "Patient Clinical Data" section, n=13 items in the "Clinical Evaluation" section, n=8 items in the "Imaging Protocol" section, and n=17 items in the "Report" section. Overall, 54 items were included in the final version of the SR. Both in the first and second round, all sections received more than a good rating: a mean value of 4.7 and range of 4.2-5.0 in the first round and a mean value 4.9 and range of 4.9-5 in the second round. In the first round, the Cα correlation coefficient was a poor 0.57: the overall mean score of the experts and the sum of scores for the structured report were 4.7 (range 1-5) and 728 (mean value 52.00 and standard deviation 2.83), respectively. In the second round, the Cα correlation coefficient was a good 0.82: the overall mean score of the experts and the sum of scores for the structured report were 4.9 (range 4-5) and 760 (mean value 54.29 and standard deviation 1.64), respectively. Conclusions: The present SR, based on a multi-round consensus-building Delphi exercise following in-depth discussion between expert radiologists in gastro-enteric and oncological imaging, derived from a multidisciplinary agreement between a radiologist, medical oncologist and surgeon in order to obtain the most appropriate communication tool for referring physicians.

Chest computed tomography score, cycle threshold values and secondary infection in predicting COVID-19 mortality.

This retrospective and observational cohort study investigated chest computed tomography (CT) findings, cycle threshold (Ct) values in RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 and secondary infection occurrence to predict prognosis in COVID-19 patients. At hospital admission, CT findings and Ct values were collected. Microbiology tests performed after 48 hours from hospitalization were reviewed. According to in-hospital mortality, patients were grouped into non-survivors and survivors. Among 283 patients evaluated, in-hospital mortality rate was 13.8% (39/283). Secondary infection occurrence was 15.2% (43/283). Cut-off values for CT score >13.5 (AUC=0.682 p=0.0009) and for Ct <23.4 (AUC=0.749, p<0.0001) were predictive of death. Super-additive and synergic effects between high CT score plus secondary infection occurrence as well as between high CT score plus low Ct values affecting patient's outcome were observed. Chest CT score and Ct values in RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 could have a combination role for severity stratification of COVID-19 patients.

The INCH Trial - Induction Chemotherapy in Patients With Bulky Anal Canal Cancer: Evaluation of the Pilot Phase.

AIM: To assess feasibility, complications and efficacy of induction chemotherapy followed by standard chemoradiotherapy in patients with bulky anal canal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, staged bulky tumor with or without nodal involvement were prospectively enrolled. Before standard chemoradiotherapy, patients received induction chemotherapy with 3 cycles of 75 mg/m2 cisplatin and 750 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil. Patients were followed-up routinely until recurrence or death. RESULTS: Seven patients with bulky anal canal cancer were evaluable for this pilot phase of the study. All patients had human papillomavirus-negative disease. Five completed the scheduled induction chemotherapy and all patients completed the programmed concomitant chemoradiotherapy. None had severe hematological toxicity. The majority of patients (6/7) had tumor downsizing after induction treatment. Six months after chemoradiotherapy, complete response was documented in three patients and salvage surgery was performed in two cases. With a median follow-up of 38 months (range=28-48 months), two patients are disease-free survivors. CONCLUSION: Induction chemotherapy has the potential to become a standard approach in patients with bulky human papillomavirus-negative anal canal cancer.

Tocilizumab effects in COVID-19 pneumonia: role of CT texture analysis in quantitative assessment of response to therapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate CT and laboratory changes in COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab, compared to a control group, throughout a combined semiquantitative and texture analysis of images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 11 to April 20, 2020, 57 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were retrospectively compared: group T (n = 30) receiving tocilizumab and group non-T (n = 27) undergoing only antivirals/antimalarials. Chest-CT and laboratory findings were analyzed before and after treatment. CT evaluation included both semiquantitative scoring and texture analysis of all parenchymal lesions. Survival and recovery analyses were also provided with Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: In group T, no significant differences were found for CT score after treatment, while several texture features significantly changed, including mean attenuation (p < 0.0001), skewness (p < 0.0001), entropy (p = 0.0146) and higher-order parameters, suggesting considerable fading of parenchymal lesions. PaO2/FiO2 mean value significantly increased after treatment, from 240 ± 93 to 363 ± 107 (p = 0.0003), with parallel decrease in inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, D-dimer and LDH). In group non-T, CT scoring, texture and laboratory parameters showed significant worsening at follow-up. Findings were clinically associated with opposite trends between two groups, with reduction of severe cases in group T (from 21/30 to 5/30; p < 0.0001) as compared to a significant worsening in group non-T (severe cases increasing from 6/27 to 14/27; p = 0.0473). Probability of discharge was significantly higher in group T (p < 0.0001), as well as survival rate, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the potential role of CT texture analysis for assessing response to treatment in COVID-19 pneumonia, using Tocilizumab, as compared to semiquantitative evaluation, providing insight into the intrinsic parenchymal changes.

Role of computed tomography in predicting critical disease in patients with covid-19 pneumonia: A retrospective study using a semiautomatic quantitative method.

BACKGROUND: So far, only a few studies evaluated the correlation between CT features and clinical outcome in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. PURPOSE: To evaluate CT ability in differentiating critically ill patients requiring invasive ventilation from patients with less severe disease. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from patients admitted to our institution for COVID-19 pneumonia between March 5th-24th. Patients were considered critically ill or non-critically ill, depending on the need for mechanical ventilation. CT images from both groups were analyzed for the assessment of qualitative features and disease extension, using a quantitative semiautomatic method. We evaluated the differences between the two groups for clinical, laboratory and CT data. Analyses were conducted on a per-protocol basis. RESULTS: 189 patients were analyzed. PaO2/FIO2 ratio and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were decreased in critically ill patients. At CT, mixed pattern (ground glass opacities (GGO) and consolidation) and GGO alone were more frequent respectively in critically ill and in non-critically ill patients (p < 0.05). Lung volume involvement was significantly higher in critically ill patients (38.5 % vs. 5.8 %, p < 0.05). A cut-off of 23.0 % of lung involvement showed 96 % sensitivity and 96 % specificity in distinguishing critically ill patients from patients with less severe disease. The fraction of involved lung was related to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, PaO2/FIO2 ratio and SaO2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lung disease extension, assessed using quantitative CT, has a significant relationship with clinical severity and may predict the need for invasive ventilation in patients with COVID-19.

Chest CT score in COVID-19 patients: correlation with disease severity and short-term prognosis.

OBJECTIVES: To correlate a CT-based semi-quantitative score of pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 pneumonia with clinical staging of disease and laboratory findings. We also aimed to investigate whether CT findings may be predictive of patients' outcome. METHODS: From March 6 to March 22, 2020, 130 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients were enrolled for this single-center analysis and chest CT examinations were retrospectively evaluated. A semi-quantitative CT score was calculated based on the extent of lobar involvement (0:0%; 1, < 5%; 2:5-25%; 3:26-50%; 4:51-75%; 5, > 75%; range 0-5; global score 0-25). Data were matched with clinical stages and laboratory findings. Survival curves and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the role of CT score as a predictor of patients' outcome. RESULTS: Ground glass opacities were predominant in early-phase (≤ 7 days since symptoms' onset), while crazy-paving pattern, consolidation, and fibrosis characterized late-phase disease (> 7 days). CT score was significantly higher in critical and severe than in mild stage (p < 0.0001), and among late-phase than early-phase patients (p < 0.0001). CT score was significantly correlated with CRP (p < 0.0001, r = 0.6204) and D-dimer (p < 0.0001, r = 0.6625) levels. A CT score of ≥ 18 was associated with an increased mortality risk and was found to be predictive of death both in univariate (HR, 8.33; 95% CI, 3.19-21.73; p < 0.0001) and multivariate analysis (HR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.10-12.77; p = 0.0348). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest the potential role of CT score for predicting the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 patients. CT score is highly correlated with laboratory findings and disease severity and might be beneficial to speed-up diagnostic workflow in symptomatic cases. KEY POINTS: • CT score is positively correlated with age, inflammatory biomarkers, severity of clinical categories, and disease phases. • A CT score ≥ 18 has shown to be highly predictive of patient's mortality in short-term follow-up. • Our multivariate analysis demonstrated that CT parenchymal assessment may more accurately reflect short-term outcome, providing a direct visualization of anatomic injury compared with non-specific inflammatory biomarkers.

Induction chemotherapy followed by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery in locally advanced rectal cancer: preliminary results of a phase II study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To report preliminary results of induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and surgery in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is the preliminary evaluation of a phase II study. Patients with histologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma, stage II-III disease, who met the inclusion criteria, received induction FOLFOXIRI (5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) regimen in combination with targeted agents followed by CRT and surgery. Analysis of the first 8 patients was required to confirm the treatment feasibility before the accrual of 20 additional patients. RESULTS: The first 8 patients were evaluated. The median follow-up time was 23 months. There were no treatment-related deaths. Trimodality strategy was well tolerated with high compliance and a good level of toxicity. There were no evidence of febrile neutropenia and any grade 4 adverse events were recorded. Three patients had pathologic complete response (pCR) and 1 patient had a nearly pCR (ypT1 ypN0). CONCLUSION: Preliminary results are encouraging. FOLFOXIRI regimen plus targeted agents followed by CRT and surgery seems a safe approach. Longer follow-up and higher number of patients are mandatory to confirm such findings.

Computer-based self-training for CT colonography with and without CAD.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether (1) computer-based self-training for CT colonography (CTC) improves interpretation performance of novice readers; (2) computer-aided detection (CAD) use during training affects learning. METHODS: Institutional review board approval and patients' informed consent were obtained for all cases included in this study. Twenty readers (17 radiology residents, 3 radiologists) with no experience in CTC interpretation were recruited in three centres. After an introductory course, readers performed a baseline assessment test (37 cases) using CAD as second reader. Then they were randomized (1:1) to perform either a computer-based self-training (150 cases verified at colonoscopy) with CAD as second reader or the same training without CAD. The same assessment test was repeated after completion of the training programs. Main outcome was per lesion sensitivity (≥ 6 mm). A generalized estimating equation model was applied to evaluate readers' performance and the impact of CAD use during training. RESULTS: After training, there was a significant improvement in average per lesion sensitivity in the unassisted phase, from 74% (356/480) to 83% (396/480) (p < 0.001), and in the CAD-assisted phase, from 83% (399/480) to 87% (417/480) (p = 0.021), but not in average per patient sensitivity, from 93% (390/420) to 94% (395/420) (p = 0.41), and specificity, from 81% (260/320) to 86% (276/320) (p = 0.15). No significant effect of CAD use during training was observed on per patient sensitivity and specificity, nor on per lesion sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: A computer-based self-training program for CTC improves readers' per lesion sensitivity. CAD as second reader does not have a significant impact on learning if used during training. KEY POINTS: • Computer-based self-training for CT colonography improves per lesion sensitivity of novice readers. • Self-training program does not increase per patient specificity of novice readers. • CAD used during training does not have significant impact on learning.

Prevalence and distribution of colonic diverticula assessed with CT colonography (CTC).

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of colonic diverticula according to age, gender, distribution, disease extension and symptoms with CT colonography (CTC). METHODS: The study population included 1091 consecutive patients who underwent CTC. Patients with diverticula were retrospectively stratified according to age, gender, clinical symptoms and colonic segment involvement. Extension of colonic diverticula was evaluated using a three-point quantitative scale. Using this data, a multivariate regression analysis was applied to investigate the existence of any correlation among variables. RESULTS: Colonic diverticula were observed in 561 patients (240 men, mean age 68 ± 12 years). Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) was present in 47.4% of cases. In 25.6% of patients ≤40 years, at least one diverticulum in the colon was observed. Prevalence of right-sided diverticula in patients >60 years was 14.2% in caecum and 18.5% in ascending colon. No significant difference was found between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients regarding diverticula prevalence and extension. No correlation was present between diverticula extension and symptoms. CONCLUSION: The incidence of colonic diverticula appears to be greater than expected. Right colon diverticula do not appear to be an uncommon finding, with their prevalence increasing with patient age. SUDD does not seem to be related to diverticula distribution and extension. KEY POINTS: Incidence of colonic diverticula appears to be greater than expected. Right colon diverticula do not appear to be an uncommon finding. SUDD does not seem to be related to diverticula distribution and extension.

Management of adrenal incidentaloma by laparoscopic transperitoneal anterior and submesocolic approach.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is becoming the main approach for incidentally discovered adrenal masses (adrenal incidentaloma (AI)). The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of LA with a transperitoneal anterior approach for right adrenal lesions and either a transperitoneal anterior or transperitoneal anterior submesocolic approach for the left-sided lesions. METHODS: The study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. From January 1994 to December 2012, 393 patients underwent LA, 117 of these for an AI. Sixty-seven (57.26 %) and 50 (42.73 %) patients underwent right and left adrenalectomy, respectively. The transperitoneal anterior approach was used in all 67 patients with right lesions (57.26 %) (group A) and in 13 patients with left-sided lesions (11.11 %) (group B). The transperitoneal anterior submesocolic approach was used in the remaining 37 left-sided lesions (31.62 %) (group C). RESULTS: Mean operative time in groups A, B, and C was 104.6 min (range 35-255), 148.9 min (range 80-210), and 82.7 min (range 45-230), respectively. One right and one left anterior LA (1.7 %) were converted to open surgery. There were one major and one minor complications (1.7 %). The mean lesion size was 4.73 cm (range 1-10 cm). Mean hospital stay was 3.6 days. CONCLUSIONS: With adequate experience, LA with a transperitoneal anterior approach for AI is a safe and effective procedure. Early control of the adrenal vein with minimal gland manipulation and limited surgical dissection are its major advantages. In case of left LA, the submesocolic approach reduces the operative time significantly.

The Italian consensus to virtual colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVES: To produce an informed consent for CT colonography (CTC), to be diffused by the Italian Society of Radiology, aimed to make patients and referring physicians aware of CTC examination protocol, advantages and disadvantages, limits and potential related risks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Delphi method was used to create a consensus among experts on an informed consent for CTC. The overall agreement among different consulted specialists was evaluated and ranked using the Cronbach's correlation coefficient (α) at two time points: after the first and the second 'round' of consultation. RESULTS: The Cronbach index was 0.84 at the end of the first round and 0.93 at the end of the second round. The number of disagreements dropped from an overall of 11-5, from the first to the second round. CONCLUSIONS: The experts were able to produce an informed consent for CTC, hoping that this may be the beginning of a process focused on implementation of quality standards in CTC.