Endoscopic resection of third ventricle colloid cysts using an ultrasonic aspirator.

An important step in the performance of endoscopic resection of colloid cysts of the third ventricle is the forced aspiration of cyst contents. The different consistencies these cysts may have can limit their complete resection and increase the likelihood of complications. The introduction of the ultrasonic neuroendoscopic aspirator allows cysts to be emptied more easily than with a conventional rigid aspirator, improving the feasibility of resection even in more solid cysts. The ability to regulate ultrasound and aspiration increases safety in a reduced and highly morbid space such as the third ventricle. Our objective was to determine the safety and efficiency of the ultrasonic aspirator for endoscopic resection of colloid cysts of the third ventricle. This was a retrospective descriptive study of patients with colloid cysts of the third ventricle undergoing neuroendoscopic resection using an ultrasonic aspirator between 2016-2023. Clinical, radiological, and procedural variables were studied. Mean, median and range were analyzed for quantitative variables and percentages and frequencies for qualitative variables. We present a series of 11 patients with colloid cysts of the third ventricle. The mean age was 44 years (27-69). All had biventricular hydrocephalus, with a mean cyst diameter of 15 mm (9-20). The lateral ventricle was accessed using the transforaminal approach in seven patients and the transchoroidal approach in three patients. All patients underwent septostomy. The mean endoscopy time was 40 min (29-68). Complete resection was possible in 10 patients. Median follow-up was 16 months (1-65) with 100% clinical improvement. At the end of follow-up, no patient had recurrence of the lesion. Based on our experience, the ultrasonic aspirator can be used safely and effectively for the resection of colloid cysts of the third ventricle, achieving high rates of complete resection with minimal postoperative complications.

Endoscopic transchoroidal and transforaminal approaches for resection of third ventricular colloid cysts.

To review our experience over 10 years in endoscopic resection of third ventricular colloid cysts, describing the details of the transventricular-transchoroidal approach used in selected patients. This series included 24 patients with colloid cysts of the third ventricle treated in our department between October 2001 and January 2013 using an endoscopic approach. Clinical presentation, preoperative radiological findings, endoscopic technique employed, and complications were assessed in all patients. The mean length of patient follow-up was 5.16 years. The most common symptom was headache (75%). The average size of the resected colloid cysts was 16.25 mm, the maximum diameter measured in cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Resection was transforaminal in 16 cases (66.7%), transchoroidal in 7 (29.17%), and transseptal in 1; macroscopically complete resection was achieved in 23 of 24 procedures (95.8%). Complications included three intraventricular hemorrhages, four memory deficits (two of them transient), one case of temporary potomania, two soft tissue infections, and one meningitis. There were no statistically significant differences between the route of resection and number of complications. The Glasgow Outcome Scale at 1 year after surgery was 5 in 82.6% of the patients. A transventricular endoscopic approach allows macroscopically complete resection of third ventricle colloid cysts in most cases. The option of opening the choroidal fissure (transventricular-transchoroidal approach) during the procedure can address third ventricle colloid cysts that do not emerge sufficiently through the foramen of Monro without increasing procedure-related morbidity.

[Neuroendoscopic biopsy. Experience in 31 patients and literature review]. / Biopsia neuroendoscópica. Revisión de la literatura y experiencia en 31 pacientes.

OBJECTIVE. To describe our experience with the endoscopic management of intraventricular tumors, analyzing biopsy effectiveness, and to compare our results with those obtained from an extensive literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between 2003 and 2010, 31 patients aged between 7 months and 77 years, diagnosed of solid and/or cystic intra and/or periventricular tumors, underwent neuroendoscopic biopsy. We analyze operative technique, pathological result, management of associated hydrocephalus, rate of complications and postoperative technique. RESULTS. 32 endoscopic procedures were done and biopsy was successfully performed in 28 cases, with positive histological result in 25 of them (78% success rate per procedure and 89% success rate per biopsy). Most frequent pathological diagnosis was grade II astrocytoma. 30 patients had associated hydrocephalus that required endoscopic third ventriculostomy (19 cases, with 73.7% success rate) and/or septostomy (12 patients, 3 associated with ventriculostomy and 9 with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt). Frameless neuronavigation was used in three selected cases. During the surgery and the postoperative period the following complications appeared: intraventricular hemorrhage in four cases (two of them died), seizures in two patients, new neurological findings in three cases (Parinaud's sign, transient palsy of third cranial nerve and hemiparesis associated with palsy of third cranial nerve), and cerebrospinal fluid leak and infection in one case. 19 patients received subsequent treatment (microsurgical resection in 1, radiosurgery in 2, radiotherapy in 8, chemotherapy in 5 and chemo-radiotherapy in 3). CONCLUSIONS. Endoscopic management of intraventricular and/or periventricular brain tumors is effective, and allow diagnostic biopsy and simultaneous treatment of the associated hydrocephalus in many cases. So, it could be the treatment of choice in those tumors that are not suitable for microsurgical resection. Although this technique is not exempt of serious complications, morbimortality could be lower than conventional microsurgical approach.

Biopsia neuroendoscópica. Revisión de la literatura y experiencia en 31 pacientes / Neuroendoscopic biopsy. Experience in 31 patients and literature review

Objetivos. Presentar nuestra experiencia en el manejo endoscópico de tumores intraventriculares, analizando la efectividad diagnóstica de la biopsia, y comparar los resultados obtenidos con los datos publicados en la literatura. Material y métodos. Presentamos una serie de 31 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 7 meses y los 77 años, diagnosticados de proceso expansivo intra y/o periventricular, sólido y/o quístico, e intervenidos quirúrgicamente en nuestro servicio entre 2003 y 2010 para la realización de una biopsia neuroendoscópica. Analizamos la técnica utilizada, el resultado anatomopatológico obtenido, el manejo de la hidrocefalia asociada, la frecuencia de complicaciones del procedimiento y la actitud terapéutica posterior.Resultados. Se realizaron 32 procedimientos neuroendoscópicos, obteniéndose muestra para biopsia en 28 de ellos, con resultado positivo en 25 (78% de éxito por procedimiento y 89% de éxito por biopsia). El diagnóstico histológico más frecuente fue de astrocitoma grado II. 30 pacientes presentaban hidrocefalia asociada practicándose una ventriculostomía premamilar (VPM) en 19 casos (éxito en 14 casos, un 73.7%); además, se realizó una septostomía en 12 pacientes (en 3 casos asociada a VPM y en 9 casos seguida de derivación ventrículo-peritoneal). En 3 casos el procedimiento (..) (AU)

Objective. To describe our experience with the endoscopic management of intraventricular tumors, analyzing biopsy effectiveness, and to compare our results with those obtained from an extensive literature review.Materials and methods. Between 2003 and 2010, 31 patients aged between 7 months and 77 years, diagnosed of solid and/or cystic intra and/or periventricular tumors, underwent neuroendoscopic biopsy. We analyze operative technique, pathological result, management of associated hydrocephalus, rate of complications and postoperative technique.Results. 32 endoscopic procedures were done and biopsy was successfully performed in 28 cases, with (..)(AU)

[Ventricular haemorrhage in preterm neonates and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Proposal of a management protocol based on early ventriculo-peritoneal shunt]. / Hemorragia intraventricular del prematuro e hidrocefalia post-hemorrágica.Propuesta de un protocolo de manejo basado en la derivación ventrículo-peritonealprecoz.

INTRODUCTION: About 50% of the preterm neonates with a ventricular haemorrhage will develop posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Medical treatment is not effective neither safe, does not reduce shunt's dependence and therefore can not be recommended; early and repetitive ventricular or lumbar punctures and the use of intraventricular fibrynolitic treatment have showed no effect on reducing patient's disability, shunt's necessity or mortality of these patients and furthermore, they can have several and important side effects. The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt can be in many cases the only option for definitive treatment, despite well-known infective and obstructive complications and there is an ongoing debate about the ideal moment for the intervention. OBJECTIVE: To present a diagnostic and treatment protocol for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus of the preterm and describe our initial experience with its application on the Paediatric Neurosurgical Department at the Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya of Málaga. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 patients with diagnosis of preterm post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus were surgically treated at our hospital with ventriculoperitoneal shunt between January 2003 and September 2006 following the designed protocol. All the cases were Papile's grade III or IV with severe ventricular dilation (Thalamus-Caudate index over 1.5 cm) and subacute or chronic presentation. We used medium pressure valves and antibiotic impregnated catheters. We considered 1500 g as the minimum weight permitted for the intervention. We report the early and late postoperative complications and the patients functional state at the ambulatory follow up classifying them in 4 grades (Excellent or Grade 1; Good or Grade 2; Regular or Grade 3; Poor or Grade 4) according to the presence of neurological focal signs, relation with the surrounding environment, response to stimuli and presence of seizures. RESULTS: The most frequent complications were escaphocephalic cranium in 5 patients, persistent subgaleal collections in 2 patients, symptomatic slit ventricles in 2 patients and surgical wound dehiscence with shunt infection in 1 patient. One patient presented a systemic fungical infection with non-diagnosed meningeal compromise previous to the shunt. 7 patients required shunt replacement (14 procedures); in 2 cases of tabicated hydrocephalus an endoscopical septostomy (associated with an ETV that did not function) was done, and in a third case ETV and shunt removal was performed after shunt malfunction, with delayed failure of ETV. For the functional results 9 patients were classified as Grade 1, 5 patients as Grade 2, 3 patients as Grade 3 and 4 patients as Grade 4. This means a 67% of good or excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a diagnostic and treatment protocol for preterm neonates with haemorrhagic hydrocephalus that we have been using since 2003 at our department. In our experience it is possible to shunt patients starting at 1500 g with low morbidity. The use of protocols can help in reducing complications and improving functional results in these patients.

Hemorragia intraventricular del prematuro e hidrocefalia post-hemorrágica. Propuesta de un protocolo de manejo basado en la derivación ventrículo-peritonealprecoz / Ventricular haemorrhage in preterm neonates and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Proposal of a management protocol based on early ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

Introducción: Aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes pretérminos diagnosticados de hemorragia intraventricular desarrollará una hidrocefalia posthemorrágica. La derivación ventrículo-peritoneal de LCR puede constituir en muchos casos la única opción de tratamiento definitivo, aunque se han descrito elevados porcentajes de complicaciones infecciosas o por obstrucción, existiendo además debate sobre cual es el momento más adecuado para la intervención. Objetivo: Presentar un protocolo de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hidrocefalia post-hemorrágica del prematuro y describir nuestra experiencia inicial con su aplicación en el Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya de Málaga. Material y métodos: Un total de 21 pacientes con diagnóstico de hidrocefalia post-hemorrágica del prematuro fueron intervenidos mediante derivación ventrículo-peritoneal entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2006 de acuerdo al protocolo de diagnóstico y tratamiento elaborado en nuestro centro. En todos los casos se trataba de hidrocefalias grado III o IV de Papile, con dilataciones ventriculares graves (índice tálamo-caudado superior a 1.5cm) y de presentación subaguda o crónica. Se emplearon válvulas de presión media y catéteres con impregnación antibiótica. Se consideró 1500gr como el peso mínimo necesario para la intervención. Se valoró la aparición de complicaciones postquirúrgicas y la situación funcional de los pacientes en el seguimiento ambulatorio clasificándola en cuatro grados (excelente o grado 1, buena o grado 2, regular o grado 3 y mala o grado 4) de acuerdo con la presencia de focalidad, la relación con el entorno y presencia o no de crisis comiciales. Resultados: Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: cráneo escafocefálico en 5 pacientes, colección subgaleal persistente en 2 casos, ventrículo en hendidura sintomático en 2 casos, dehiscencia de herida quirúrgica en 1 caso con posterior infección valvular. Un paciente presentó una infección micótica sistémica con compromiso meníngeo no diagnosticado previo a la derivación. Se requirió recambio del sistema de derivación en 7 pacientes (14 reintervenciones); en 2 de estos casos se realizó septostomía endoscópica por hidrocefalia tabicada (junto con ventriculostomía de III ventrículo fallida) y en un tercer caso se realizó una ventriculostomía endoscópica y retirada valvular tras un episodio de disfunción valvular, con fallo diferido de la ventriculostomía. En cuanto a resultados funcionales 9 pacientes se clasificaron como grado 1, 5 pacientes como grado 2, 3 pacientes como grado 3 y 4 pacientes como grado 4, con un 67% de resultados buenos o excelentes. Conclusiones: Proponemos un protocolo para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hidrocefalia posthemorrágica del prematuro, de aplicación en nuestro Servicio desde Enero de 2003. En nuestra experiencia es posible derivar pacientes a partir de 1500gr de peso con baja morbilidad. La protocolización puede ayudarnos a reducir complicaciones y a mejorar el pronóstico funcional de estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction: About 50% of the preterm neonates with a ventricular haemorrhage will develop post haemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Medical treatment is not effective neither safe, does not reduce shunt's dependence and therefore can not be recommended; early and repetitive ventricular or lumbar punctures and the use of intraventricular fibrynolitic treatment have showed no effect on reducing patient's disability, shunt's necessity or mortality of these patients and furthermore, they can have several and important side effects. The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt can be in many cases the only option for definitive treatment, despite well-known infective and obstructive complications and there is an ongoing debate about the ideal moment for the intervention. Objective: To present a diagnostic and treatment protocol for post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus of the preterm and describe our initial experience with its application on the Paediatric Neurosurgical Department at the Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya of Málaga. Materials and methods: A total of 21 patients with diagnosis of preterm post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus were surgically treated at our hospital with ventriculoperitoneal shunt between January 2003 and September 2006 following the designed protocol. All the cases were Papile's grade III or IV with severe ventricular dilation (Thalamus-Caudate index over 1.5cm) and subacute or chronic presentation. We used medium pressure valves and antibiotic impregnated catheters. We considered 1500g as the minimum weight permitted for the intervention. We report the early and late postoperative complications and the patients functional state at the ambulatory follow up classifying them in 4 grades (Excellent or Grade 1; Good or Grade 2; Regular or Grade 3; Poor or Grade 4) according to the presence of neurological focal signs, relation with the surrounding environment, response to stimuli and presence of seizures. Results: The most frequent complications were escaphocephalic cranium in 5 patients, persistent subgaleal collections in 2 patients, symptomatic slit ventricles in 2 patients and surgical wound dehiscence with shunt infection in 1 patient. One patient presented a systemic fungical infection with non-diagnosed meningeal compromise previous to the shunt. 7 patients required shunt replacement (14 procedures); in 2 cases of tabicated hydrocephalus an endoscopical septostomy (associated with an ETV that did not function) was done, and in a third case ETV and shunt removal was performed after shunt malfunction, with delayed failure of ETV. For the functional results 9 patients were classified as Grade 1, 5 patients as Grade 2, 3 patients as Grade 3 and 4 patients as Grade 4. This means a 67% of good or excellent results. Conclusions: We propose a diagnostic and treatment protocol for preterm neonates with haemorrhagic hydrocephalus that we have been using since 2003 at our department. In our experience it is possible to shunt patients starting at 1500g with low morbidity. The use of protocols can help in reducing complications and improving functional results in these patients (AU)