Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols (MCTs) and Their Fractions in Drug Delivery Systems : A Systematic Review.

Medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) is a type of triacylglycerol that has six or seven to twelve carbon chains. It consists of three molecules of fatty acids attached to one molecule of glycerol. Drug delivery system (DDS) is defined as a formulation to distribute drugs into the human body. The unique properties of MCTs have garnered interest in using them as excipients in DDS. Even though there are many significant effects attributed to the use of MCTs, especially in modulating the rate of drug delivery in various DDS, they are all limited and intermittent. This warrants a detailed summary of the previous studies on the use of MCTs in various DDS. Therefore, this review focuses on presenting a systematic review of previous studies on the use of MCTs in the last six years and explores the types and effects of MCTs on DDS that employ various types of delivery routes. A systematic search through PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus was performed. Keywords like "medium-chain triglycerides", "medium-chain fatty acids", "medium-chain triglycerides and their fractions", "medium-chain fatty acids and their fractions", "MCTs", "MCFA", "in drug delivery", "in drug delivery system" and their combinations were used. The synonyms of the words were also used to extend the search. A total of 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Findings from this review have identified the several MCTs and their fractions used in DDS that employed the oral/enteral, topical, transdermal, parenteral, and pulmonary routes of drug delivery. The review also highlights that the usage of MCTs in DDS results in a better transportation of drugs into the human body.

Starch-Derived Superabsorbent Polymer in Remediation of Solid Waste Sludge Based on Water-Polymer Interaction.

The purpose of this study is to assess water-polymer interaction in synthesized starch-derived superabsorbent polymer (S-SAP) for the treatment of solid waste sludge. While S-SAP for solid waste sludge treatment is still rare, it offers a lower cost for the safe disposal of sludge into the environment and recycling of treated solid as crop fertilizer. For that to be possible, the water-polymer interaction on S-SAP must first be fully comprehended. In this study, the S-SAP was prepared through graft polymerization of poly (methacrylic acid-co-sodium methacrylate) on the starch backbone. By analyzing the amylose unit, it was possible to avoid the complexity of polymer networks when considering S-SAP using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT). Through the simulations, formation of hydrogen bonding between starch and water on the H06 of amylose was assessed for its flexibility and less steric hindrance. Meanwhile, water penetration into S-SAP was recorded by the specific radial distribution function (RDF) of atom-molecule interaction in the amylose. The experimental evaluation of S-SAP correlated with high water capacity by measuring up to 500% of distilled water within 80 min and more than 195% of the water from solid waste sludge for 7 days. In addition, the S-SAP swelling showed a notable performance of a 77 g/g swelling ratio within 160 min, while a water retention test showed that S-SAP was capable of retaining more than 50% of the absorbed water within 5 h of heating at 60 °C. The water retention of S-SAP adheres to pseudo-second-order kinetics for chemisorption reactions. Therefore, the prepared S-SAP might have potential applications as a natural superabsorbent, especially for the development of sludge water removal technology.

Additive-Free Rice Starch-Assisted Synthesis of Spherical Nanostructured Hematite for Degradation of Dye Contaminant.

Nanostructured hematite materials for advanced applications are conventionally prepared with the presence of additives, tainting its purity with remnants of copolymer surfactants, active chelating molecules, stabilizing agents, or co-precipitating salts. Thus, preparing nanostructured hematite via additive-free and green synthesis methods remains a huge hurdle. This study presents an environmentally friendly and facile synthesis of spherical nanostructured hematite (Sp-HNP) using rice starch-assisted synthesis. The physicochemical properties of the Sp-HNP were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DR UV-Vis), and nitrogen adsorption⁻desorption analysis. The Sp-HNP showed a well-crystallized structure of pure rhombohedral phase, having a spherical-shaped morphology from 24 to 48 nm, and a surface area of 20.04 m²/g. Moreover, the Sp-HNP exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, owing to the large surface-to-volume ratio. The current work has provided a sustainable synthesis route to produce spherical nanostructured hematite without the use of any hazardous agents or toxic additives, in agreement with the principles of green chemistry for the degradation of dye contaminant.