Component Analysis of Laryngeal Cancer Incidence Dynamics in Kazakhstan from 1999 to 2014.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we examined epidemiological aspects of dynamic changes in incidences of laryngeal cancer in male and female populations in Kazakhstan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary data were for registered patients with malignant laryngeal tumors in the whole country during the period of 1999-2014. Evaluation of changes in laryngeal cancer incidence in the population of Kazakhstan was performed using component analysis. RESULTS: It was determined that the number of patients with laryngeal cancer in the whole country is decreasing although with conflicting impacts of different factors. Despite population growth (all - ΔP=+66.1%, men - ΔP=+70.9% and women - ΔP=+46.4%), and aging (all - ΔA=+45.1%, men -ΔA=+54.3 and women - ΔA=+22.2), the reduction in risk of developing the disease (all - ΔR=-165.6%, men - ΔR=-170.9% and women - ΔR=-141.0%) was overwhelming. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation was the first epidemiological study of dynamics of laryngeal cancer by component analysis in the population of Kazakhstan. Implementation of the results of the study is recommended in management of anti-cancer activities for laryngeal cancer.

Epidemiological assessment of leukemia in Kazakhstan, 2003- 2012.

Cancer is a major health problem facing the entire world, and Kazakhstan is not the exception. The aim of this study was to present an epidemiological assessment of leukemia in the population of Kazakhstan during 2003-2012. This descriptive and retrospective study was based on data obtained from all oncological organizations of the whole country. Age standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population for leukemia were calculated. Totally, 6,741 new cases of leukemia were registered in Kazakhstan during the 10 year period. The mean age of patients with leukemia was 48.5. The ASRs for leukemia among men and women were 5.3 and 3.6, respectively (p<0.001). In conclusion, our results showed a high incidence rate of leukemia in Kazakhstan, especially in the north of the country. The incidence of leukemia was significantly higher in males and increased with age. Determining and controlling important risk factors of leukemia may lead to decrease in its burden.

Malignant tumours of the central nervous system in Kazakhstan--incidence trends from 2004-2011.

In the article were observed the epidemiological aspects of malignant tumors of the central nervous system (MT CNS) in Kazakhstan in a retrospective study for the years 2004-2011. The material of the study was consolidated accounting data of oncology centers on patients with MT CNS (C70-72) with first time established diagnosis. Calculated were crude, age, standardized (world standard), aligned and predicted incidence of MT CNS among both male and female populations. It was found that over the studied period, there were 4,604 cases of MT CNS. The average annual crude incidence rate of MT CNS in total population was 3.7±0.10/0000. Trends in aligned incidence rates in the whole country had a tendency to increase (T=+0.9%). Defined levels of morbidity MT CNS in the whole population in different regions of Kazakhstan: low up to 2.870/0000, the average from 2.87 to 4.450/0000 and high from 4.450/0000 and above on the basis of which was given the space-time estimate. Age and sex differences in MT CNS incidence were also clearly established.

Epidemiological evaluation of laryngeal cancer incidence in Kazakhstan for the years 1999-2009.

The purpose was to provide a descriptive epidemiological assessment of the incidence of cancer of the larynx in Kazakhstan and spatial evaluation with gender characteristics. This retrospective study covered all new cases of laryngeal cancer in 11 years (1999-2009). The total number was 4,967 cases, 4,535 (91.3%) in males and 432 (8.7%) in women, with a ratio of 10.5:1. The higher incidence in men compared to women was evident in all age groups, the differences being statistically significant (p<0.05). At the same time revealed a unimodal growth with age, peaking at 70 years and older both sexes. In the dynamics, incidence rates of laryngeal cancer demonstrated a tendency to decrease, in women (T=-6.7%) this being more pronounced than in men (T=-3.3%). Levels were determined to produce cartograms of cancer of the larynx for male and female populations, clear geographical variation being evidenced. The data are discussed with reference to possible risk factors.

Laryngeal cancer in Kazakhstan - ethnic, age and gender differences over time.

The purpose of the present study was to provide an assessment of the incidence of cancer of the larynx in Kazakhstan with especial attention to ethnicity and gender, as well as age. The retrospective design covered all new cases of laryngeal cancer in 11 years (1999-2009). The total number was 4,967 cases, 4,535 (91.3%) in males and 432 (8.7%) in women, with a gender ratio of 10.5:1. Patients of Kazakh (31.2%) and Russian (51.4%) ethnicity accounted for the vast majority (82.6%), with Russians predominating in both sexes, but particularly in females. Age peak in Kazakhs was 70 years and older (14.6 ± 0.70/0000), and in Russians was 60-69 years (21.6 ± 1.30/0000). In the dynamics, the rates had the tendency to decrease more markedly in Russian than Kazakh men, especially in the younger groups, while increase was noted in the youngest females of both ethnicities, but again greater in Russians, presumably reflecting change in underlying lifestyle factors.

Epidemiological evaluation of breast cancer in ecological areas of Kazakhstan--association with pollution emissions.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the incidence of breast cancer in the ecological areas of Kazakhstan and assess the potential . A retrospective study of 11 years (1999 to 2009) was conducted using descriptive and analytical methods. The incidence of breast cancer was the lowest in the Aral-Syr Darya area (18.6±0.80/100,000), and highest in the Irtysh area (48.9±1.90/100,000), with an increasing trends over time in almost all areas. A direct strong correlation between the degree of contamination with high pollution emissions in the atmosphere from stationary sources and the incidence of breast cancer (r=0.77±0.15; p=0.026). The results indicate an increasing importance of breast cancer in Kazakhstan and an etiological role for environmental pollution.

Epidemiological aspects of morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer in Kazakhstan.

Epidemiological studies of cancer incidence in Kazakhstan have revealed an uneven distribution for cervical cancer. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated for different regions of the republic, including the two major cities of Almaty and Astana, in 1999-2008. Defined levels for cartograms for incidence were low (up to 12.8/100,000), medium (12.8 to 15.9) and high (above 15.9) and for mortality were up to 7.1, 7.1 to 10.8 and above 10.8, respectively. Basically high incidence rates were identified in the eastern, central and northern parts of the country and in Almaty. Such difference in cervical cancer data, and also variation in mortality/incidence ratios from a low of 0.4 in Almaty to a high of 0.71 in Zhambyl, point to variation in demographic and medical features which impact on risk and prognistic factors for cervical cancer in the country. Further research is necessary to highlight areas for emphasis in cancer control programs for this important cancer.

Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Kazakhstan.

The incidence of esophageal cancer in Kazakhstan was analysed for the period of 1989-2010 years, with a focus on trends by age, gender and region. The highest rates of incidence were evident in the Western regions. The dynamics for cancer of the esophagus in the Republic demonstrated decrease, except in the Karaganda region, where a tendency for increase was noted. Considerable variation between regions pointed to differences in risk factor exposure which need to be targeted for future control efforts.

Age characteristics of incidences of prevalent cancers in the Aral Sea area of Kazakhstan.

The aim of the research was to examine age-specific features of incidence of cancer of the esophagus, lung, stomach, breast, cervix and thyroid gland in the Aral Sea area in Kazakhstan. A retrospective study of 11 years (1999-2009) was conducted using descriptive and analytical methods with calculated age incidence rates. The average age of patients with esophageal cancer and lung cancer had a tendency for increase with "aging", while in other cases "juvenation" was noted. The peak incidence of malignant tumors in general, and in the studied forms of cancer was found at 70 years of age or older, except for breast cancer and cervical cancer, where the peak incidence was found at 60-69 years. Trends in age-varied incidence rates had different tendencies in particular organ sites.

Trends of prevalent cancer incidences in the Aral-Syr Darya ecological area of Kazakhstan.

The aim of this research was to examine the incidence of major forms of cancer in the Aral-Syr Darya ecological area of Kazakhstan. The present retrospective study of 11 years (1999-2009) was therefore conducted using descriptive and analytical methods. Incidence rates (crude and standardized) of 11 leading cancer sites were calculated and trends determined. The result of analysis demonstrated the most common neoplams in the study region to be esophageal cancer, carcinoma of lung, stomach cancer, and breast cancer. Trends in incidence of cancers under study were different, the most marked reduction in cancer of esophagus is established (T=-6.1%) and revealed the high increase in breast cancer (T=+6.7%). In the dynamics the trend of malignant disease in general tended to decrease (T=-0.5%).