Communicating Syringomyelia.

BACKGROUND: Communicating syringomyelia can develop in association with hydrocephalus, with communication between syringomyelia and the fourth ventricle a representative neuroimaging finding. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 51-year-old woman presented with slowly progressive bladder dysfunction and scoliosis. She had a nonfunctioning cerebrospinal fluid shunt that had been placed after birth for neonatal hydrocephalus. Tetraventricular enlargement and a holocord syrinx were noted in neuroimaging findings, while phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and ventriculography revealed communication between the syrinx and fourth ventricle via a dilated central canal. Placement of a de novo ventriculoperitoneal shunt led to collapse of the syringomyelia, though apparent improvement of clinical symptoms was not obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Communicating syringomyelia can develop as a late complication in patients with shunted hydrocephalus. In the majority of reported cases, shunt revision has been shown to be effective, though some cases require posterior fossa decompression and exploration.

Changes in Cognitive Function Scores After Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap Testing in Patients with Suspected Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND: In patients suspected of having idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), improvement in impaired cognition is common after a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid tap test (CSFTT). Measures used to evaluate cognitive function before and after a CSFTT include the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Trail Making Test (TMT). However, the time point at which cognitive function should be reevaluated after a CSFTT remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in cognitive function 1 day and 1 week after a CSFTT (versus baseline) in patients with suspected iNPH. METHODS: This retrospective study, conducted between October 2012 and January 2017, involved 39 patients with suspected iNPH. We analyzed their MMSE, FAB, and TMT scores on tests conducted before and 1 day and 1 week after the CSFTT. RESULTS: Changes in MMSE scores were negligible 1 day after the CSFTT but began to appear 1 week later. Changes in FAB scores were observed from 1 day to 1 week after the CSFTT. Although no statistically significant differences in TMT scores were observed at either time point, the execution time for the test tended to be shorter on the day after the CSFTT. Changes in cognitive function were not associated with demographic or morphological parameters. More severe impairments at baseline, however, were associated with greater changes in cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: Performing several reevaluations using each test may enable more accurate assessment of cognitive function in patients with suspected iNPH. Our results highlight the need for long-term follow-up, regardless of the severity of cognitive impairment.

Investigation and clinical applications of muscle strength change in cerebrospinal fluid tap test in cases of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: A retrospective study.

The cerebrospinal fluid tap test (CSFTT) is widely used to diagnose idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and predict the therapeutic effectiveness of shunting. However, the ability to walk cannot be quantified for patients who are unable to walk. Therefore, we examined whether the iNPH diagnostic aid is possible using dynamometry, even for patients who are unable to walk. In this study, 45 patients underwent grip strength assessment, quadriceps strength assessment, 10-m walk test, and 3-m Timed Up and Go test before and after CSFTT. Our investigation of physical functions indicated that the CSFTT-positive group demonstrated significant improvements in grip and bilateral quadriceps muscle strength. The results of the receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that leg muscle strength measurement reliability was high and that the area under the curve was 0.754-0.811. Our investigation of the clinically effective cutoff point for the rate of change indicated that it was 13.6% for right quadriceps muscle strength and 15.3% for left quadriceps muscle strength. Comparing CSFTT results in cases of iNPH with the observed rate of change in muscle strength can aid in the diagnosis of iNPH.

Ocular Circulation and Chronic Ocular Ischemic Syndrome before and after Carotid Artery Revascularization Surgery.

Background. We evaluated the effect of carotid revascularization surgery on ocular circulation and chronic ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS). Methods. We examined ninety patients with carotid artery stenosis (more than 50% stenosis) at its origin treated with carotid endarterectomy (N = 56) or carotid artery stenting (N = 34). Twenty-five patients (28%) complained of chronic OIS. Ocular circulation was examined before and after revascularization surgery using ophthalmic artery (OphAr) and central retinal artery (CRA) color Doppler flow imaging. Results. (1) Ocular circulation: preoperatively, the average OphAr peak systolic flow velocity (Vs) was 0.05 m/sec, and the average CRA Vs was 0.07 m/sec. At 1 week after surgery, the average OphAr Vs significantly increased to 0.32 (P < 0.05), and the average CRA Vs significantly increased to 0.11 m/sec (P < 0.05). These significant improvements were sustained throughout the three months of the followup. (2) OIS: during the follow-up period (mean: 3.6 years), 15 patients (60%) showed visual acuity improvement, and no patients complained of amaurosis fugax or worsening of the chronic OIS. Conclusion. Carotid revascularization surgery was effective in improving the ocular circulation, and it was also useful for the chronic OIS due to the carotid artery stenosis.

Carpal tunnel syndrome: electrophysiological grading and surgical results by minimum incision open carpal tunnel release.

The safety and effectiveness of the minimum incision technique were assessed in 138 hands of 108 consecutive patients with carpal tunnel syndrome treated from April 1, 1997 to March 31, 2006. Clinical and electrophysiological examinations were conducted before and after surgical decompression. All hands were divided into early, mild, moderate, and severe groups based on preoperative electrophysiological severity. We examined the surgical outcomes of the affected hands in each group. Nocturnal or daytime dysesthesia, which had been present in 132 (96%) of the 138 hands preoperatively, was completely relieved in 124 (94%) of the 132 hands. Complete relief was achieved in 7 (100%) of the 7 hands in the early group, 68 (99%) of the 69 hands in the mild group, and 45 (94%) of the 48 hands in the moderate group. Complete relief was achieved only in 4 (50%) of the 8 hands in the severe group, and 3 (38%) of the 8 hands did not show any improvement. No painful or hypertrophic scar formation was observed in this series. Only 2 patients complained of postoperative scar discomfort after more than 12 months, which completely disappeared by 14 months after surgery. Minimum incision open carpal tunnel release is a safe and reliable procedure with a high rate of functional improvement and patient satisfaction. Postoperative results were satisfactory regardless of the degree of preoperative electrophysiological severity if preoperative sensory nerve action potentials were detected.

Clinical study of therapeutic angiogenesis by autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation in 92 patients with critically ischemic limbs.

Patients with critically ischemic limbs due to maintenance hemodialysis and diabetes are increasing in number markedly in Japan. The difficulty of treating critically ischemic limbs is well recognized. Despite active medication and surgical therapy, many critically ischemic limbs are amputated. Ninety-two patients with critically ischemic limbs were treated by transplantation of autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs). The stem cells were mobilized into the peripheral blood by administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). The mobilized mononuclear cells were separated by an apheresis technique using a centrifuge. The separated mononuclear cells contained approximately 4.0 x 10(7) CD34-positive cells. The collected cell suspension was divided into aliquots of 0.5-1.0 ml and transplanted into the muscle of ischemic limbs at 50-70 transplantation points. At 1.5 months after PBSC transplantation, a strong immunostaining of CD34-positive cells and factor VIII, as well as capillary formation, was observed in the muscles into which stems cells had been transplanted. In each patient tested, the serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level increased after stem cell transplantation; the mean VEGF level increased by 176%. Of 11 diabetic patients (DM) who were not receiving hemodialysis (HD), there were no amputees regardless of their Fontaine classification. Of 19 patients in the HD(+)DM(-) category, there were no amputations in Fontaine stage I, II, and III patients, whereas three limbs and one toe were amputated in Fontaine stage IV patients. Of 13 patients in the HD(-)DM(+) category, none of the Fontaine stage I, II, or III patients underwent amputation, but six Fontaine stage IV patients underwent amputation. Of 49 patients in the HD(+)DM(+) category, 38 (78%) were classified as Fontaine stage IV, 71% (27/38) of whom had a toe or a limb amputated. In nine patients over 80 years of age, one toe and one limb were amputated. Nondiabetic, nondialyzed patients with ischemic limbs are strongly indicated for stem cell transplantation regardless of Fontaine classification. Therapeutic angiogenesis is effective for critically ischemic limbs resulting from hemodialysis and diabetes until Fontaine stage III, but is of limited effectiveness for stage IV cases.

Effect of carotid artery stenting on ocular circulation and chronic ocular ischemic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the effect of carotid artery stenting (CAS) on ocular circulation and chronic ocular ischemic syndrome. METHODS: We examined 38 patients with carotid artery stenosis (>80%) at its origin treated with CAS. Ocular circulation and symptoms were examined before, within 24 h, and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after CAS based on ophthalmic artery color Doppler flow imaging and ophthalmological examinations. RESULTS: Ocular circulation: Before CAS, 13 patients showed reversed ophthalmic artery flow, and 25 antegrade flow. Average peak systolic flow velocity was -0.038 m/s. Within 24 h after CAS, all patients showed antegrade ophthalmic artery flow; reversed flow before CAS was thus resolved. Average peak systolic flow velocity rose significantly to 0.36 m/s (p < 0.05). One week, 1 month and 3 months after CAS, there were no significant changes compared to the findings at 1 week after CAS. Ocular symptoms: Before CAS, 8 patients showed chronic ocular ischemic syndrome. During the follow-up period (mean: 2.8 years), the visual acuity improved in 7 cases. Average retinal artery pressure and arm-to-retina circulation time improved significantly to the normal level (p < 0.05). The other 30 patients complained of recurrent and worsened visual symptoms during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: CAS was effective in improving ocular circulation, and also improved the chronic ocular ischemic syndrome caused by the severe carotid artery stenosis.

[Case report of spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma in elderly].

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas (SSEH) are relatively rare clinical entities and associated with coagulopathies, tumors, or vascular malformation. In addition, these are often neurosurgical emergencies; therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are paramount. We reported a case of an 87-year-old woman with spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma. She presented with the sudden onset of neck pain, rt. upper arm sensory disturbance and rt. hemiparesis. MRI revealed a C3-Th1 dorsally placed extradural lesion. The lesion was iso-to hypointense on T1-weighted images and was hyperintense on T2-weighted images. She underwent surgery within 9 hours after symptom onset, removal of hematoma through the right hemilaminectomy was performed. She was a very high age, but she was discharged from the hospital without neurological deficit. To obtain good prognosis for patients with SSEH, early diagnosis and treatment are important. We also review the current literature concerning diagnosis and treatment of SSEH.

De novo basilar top aneurysm in an elderly patient treated with Guglielmi detachable coils.

Ruptured de novo aneurysms, compared with the usual subarachnoid hemorrhage, commonly occur in younger patients and are extremely rare in elderly patients. We discuss their etiology and report the case of a ruptured de novo aneurysm in a 77-year-old woman.

[Extracranial vertebral artery dissection repeating distal embolism: case report].

We report a case of vertebral artery (VA) dissection presenting with repeated distal embolism. A 48-year-old man was admitted to our institution with neck pain and vertigo of two day duration. MRI on arrival showed infarction of the left cerebellar hemisphere and the right occipital lobe. Emergency angiography revealed left VA dissection and occlusion of the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery and right calcaline artery. Six hours after admission, he manifested cortical blindness due to embolism of the contralateral left calcaline artery despite giving heparin and aspirin. Thrombolysis was performed but was not successful. We embolized the affected VA to prevent further embolism. We discuss here the indication and timing of treatment for VA dissection presenting with ischemic symptom.

Prevention of limb amputation in patients with limbs ulcers by autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cell implantation.

There are many cases of amputation of ischemic limbs of dialysis patients due to diabetes, despite the availability of medicine therapy and vascular by-pass operations. As there is extensive ruin of the vascular bed due to diabetes, vascular regeneration therapy by stem cell implantation is effective. Thirty patients with ischemic limbs due to diabetes (not including type-I) and on dialysis for chronic renal failure (19 cases), diabetes (5 cases), dialysis patients without diabetes (4 cases), and arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO, 2 cases) were treated by autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) implantation where imminent amputation was under consideration. Granulocyte Colony Stimulate Factor (G-CSF: 5 microg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously for 4 days before PBSC collection, that was carried out using a centrifuge (Spectra and/or CS3000) via the vein. The collected PBSC, containing 4.2 x 10(7) of CD 34 positive cells, was divided into units of 0.5-1.0 mL and implanted, without any purification, to the ischemic area of the limbs in about 65 points. In 21 cases, normalization of limb temperature was observed by thermograph, and symptoms also improved. The result of this first attempt of PBSC implantation is that we were able to save 22 ischemic limbs. This is the first large report of the application of regenerative medicine to peripheral ischemic limbs.

[Subclavian steal phenomenon complicating an upper extremity arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis].

We report a case of 47-year-old man with subclavian steal phenomenon (SSP). He affected chronic renal failure and received an upper extremity arteriovenous fistula creation for hemodialysis. Angiography showed SSP from right vertebral artery to left subclavian artery (SA), and mild stenosis of left SA. We consider that the course of SSP was synergetic effect of mild SA stenosis and hemodynamic effect due to arteriovenous access creation.

[Lung, bronchus, thorax].

Accumulating evidences suggested that three dimensional computed tomography(3D-CT) is important modality for differential diagnosis of tumorous lesion in lung. Here we report that virtual reconstruction of lung by 3D-CT is useful for diagnosis of emphysematous lesion, cystic lung disease, spontaneous pneumothorax and virtualized endoscopy.

Spontaneous rupture of a presumed colloid cyst of the third ventricle--case report.

An 83-year-old man presented with gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence that had progressed over 2 months. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed hydrocephalus due to a well-demarcated, round hyperdense mass in the third ventricle, which was not enhanced by contrast agent. Ten days after the initial evaluation, CT revealed that the cyst in the third ventricle had disappeared. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spontaneous rupture of the lesion and remnants of cyst wall anchored to the anterior roof of the third ventricle. Thereafter, the symptoms of hydrocephalus subsided. However, 6 months later the patient's condition gradually deteriorated and the ventricles dilated without any evidence of tumor regrowth. Surgical intervention was not performed as the family of the patient withheld consent. The natural history of colloid cysts of the third ventricle remains unclear. Spontaneous rupture of a presumed colloid cyst of the third ventricle should be considered when planning treatment.