Identification of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Surgical Critically Ill Patients by Using the HIT Expert Probability Score: An Observational Pilot Study.

Background: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) remains a challenging diagnosis especially in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate for the first time the diagnostic accuracy of the HIT Expert Probability (HEP) score in the early identification of HIT in SICU patients. Methods: The HEP and 4Ts scores were calculated in all patients with suspected HIT during their stay in our SICU. The diagnosis of HIT was finally confirmed (HIT+ group) or excluded (HIT− group) by an independent committee blinded to the HEP and 4Ts score values. The primary outcome was the sensitivity and specificity of a HEP score ≥ 5 for the diagnosis of HIT. The secondary outcome was the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the HEP and 4Ts scores in the diagnosis of HIT. Results: Respectively 6 and 113 patients were included in the HIT+ and HIT− groups. A HEP score value ≥ 5 had a sensitivity (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) of 1.00 (0.55−1.00), and a specificity (95% CI) of 0.92 (0.86−0.96). The AUC (95% CI) was significantly higher for the HEP score versus for the 4Ts score (0.967 (0.922−1.000) versus 0.707 (0.449−0.965); p = 0.035). Conclusions: A HEP score value < 5 could be helpful to rule out HIT in SICU patients.

Spread of clonal linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in an intensive care unit associated with linezolid exposure.

The aim of the study was to determine factors associated with spread of linezolid (LNZ)-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU). A case-control study was conducted in one French adult surgical ICU. From January 2012 to December 2016, patients with at least a single positive LNZ-resistant S. epidermidis blood culture were matched to control with LNZ-susceptible S. epidermidis blood culture in a 1:4 manner. Cases were compared to controls regarding baseline clinical characteristics and LNZ exposure before positive blood culture. Bacterial isolates were genotyped by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and MLST. We identified 13 LNZ-resistant S. epidermidis isolates, 1 in 2012, 3 in 2014, 6 in 2015, and 3 in 2016. LNZ use increased steadily from 8 DDDs/100 patient days in 2010 to 19 in 2013 and further decrease by more of 50% in 2015 and 2016. The only independent risk factors associated to LNZ-resistant S. epidermidis isolation were length of stay in ICU before infection (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.07-1.98), prior exposure to LNZ (OR 109; 95% CI 3.9-3034), and Charlson comorbidities score (OR 3.19; 95% CI 1.11-9.14). PFGE typing showed that all LNZ-resistant isolates were clonal belonging to ST2 and that LNZ-susceptible isolates were highly diverse. We report herein that previous exposure to LNZ substantially increased the risk of occurrence of LNZ resistance in S. epidermidis even in the case of clonal spread of LNZ-resistant isolates. These findings highlight the need for reducing the use of LNZ to preserve its efficacy in the future.

The A-test--reliability of functional recovery assessment during early rehabilitation of patients in an orthopedic ward.

BACKGROUND/AIM: There are few tests for evaluation of functional abilities of patients surgically treated for hip fractures or osteoarthritis during early rehabilition period. The aim of this study was to investigate reliability (interobserver reproducibility and internal consistency) of the A-test, an original test for functional recovery evaluation during early rehabilitation of patients in an orthopedic ward. METHODS: The investigation included 105 patients (55 patients with hip osteoarthritis that underwent arthroplasty and 50 surgically treated patients with hip fracture). It was conducted in an orthopedic ward during early inpatient rehabilitation (from 1st to 5th day). For their functional recovery evaluation during early rehabilitation we used the A-test, a performance-based test with 10 items for assessing basic activities by six level ordinal scale (0-5). For internal consistency of the test the Cronbach coefficient alpha was calculated for the A-test results collected during early rehabilitation for all patients (105 patients x 5 days = 525 measures) and separately for the results of patients with hip osteoarthritis (275 measures) and hip fracture (250 measures). Values of this coefficient > 0.7 imply good internal consistency of the test. Interobserver reproducibility was estimated as follows: two physiotherapists together conducted physical therapy with the patients, and then, separately, rated the performance of each activity from the test (78 measures). The agreement between their estimations was expressed by the linear weighted kappa coefficient (for very good agreement values of kappa coefficeent have to be in the range 0.81-1). RESULTS: The Cronbach coefficient alpha was 0.98 (the results of all the patients and the results of the patients with hip osteoarthritis) and 0.97 (the results of the patients with hip fracture). The values of kappa coefficient were in the range 0.81-0.92 for all items. CONCLUSION: The A-test is a reliable instrument for everyday evaluation of functional recovery during early rehabilitation of patients surgically treated in an orthopedic ward.

Pain, functional status, social function and conditions of habitation in elderly unilateraly lower limb amputees.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Few authors are involved in home rehabilitation of amputees or their reintegration into the community. It has been remarked that there is a discontinuity between the phases of the amputee rehabilitation in Serbia. The aim of the study was to establish pain characteristics and functional status of amputees two months after the amputation and to determine their social function and the conditions of their habitation. METHODS: This prospective observation study involved 38 elderly amputees with unilateral lower limb amputations. The patients were tested at the hospital on discharge and at their homes two months after the amputation. Pain intensity and functional status were measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and by Functional Independence Measure (FIM). The patients' social function was assessed using the Social Dysfunction Rating Scale (SDRS) and conditions of their habitation by the self-created Scale of Conditions of Habitation (SCH). In statistic analysis we used the Student t test, chi2 test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: The majority of patients (63%) underwent below knee amputation caused by diabetes (89%). A significant number of patients (84%, chi2 = 17.78; p < 0.01) was not visited by a physiotherapist nor an occupational therapist during two months at home. In this period, the majority of the amputees (68%) had phantom pain or residual limb pain (21%). Two months after amputation the pain intensity was significantly lower (VAS = 4.07 +/- 2.19; 2.34 +/- 1.41; p < 0.001), and the functional status significantly better than on discharge (FIM = 75.13 +/- 16.52; 87.87 +/- 16.48; p < 0.001). The amputees had the average level of social dysfunction (SDRS = 62.00 +/- 11.68) and conditions of habitation (SCH = 7.81 +/- 1.97). CONCLUSION: A total 38 elderly amputees with unilateral lower limb amputations achieved significant functional improvement and reduction of pain, in spite of their social dysfunction, the absence of socio-medical support and inadequacy of the conditions of habitation.

Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of postoperative surgical pain after lower extremity amputation: a pilot study / Efeito da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) no tratamento de dor pós-cirúrgica após amputação de membro inferior: estudo piloto

A estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) é uma modalidade não-médica e não-invasiva. Há muita controvérsia e atitudes contrárias em relação ao lugar que a TENS ocupa no tratamento da dor após amputação de membro inferior. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel da TENS no tratamento de dor cirúrgica pós-operatória após amputação de membro inferior. Material e métodos: Teste controlado randomizado, conduzido com 46 indivíduos submetidos à amputação de membro inferior, que foram aleatoriamente divididos em grupo controle e grupo tratado. O grupo controle recebeu cuidados-padrão no pós-operatório; o grupo tratado recebeu cuidados-padrão e aplicação de TENS. Quarenta indivíduos completaram efetivamente o estudo de acordo com o protocolo de estudo. A maior parte das amputações consistiu de amputação transtibial devido a complicações da diabete. Foram utilizados cinco dispositivos portáteis Ultima TENS XL-A1 com eletrodos auto-adesivos. Esta é a aplicação convencional da TENS, caracterizada pela aplicação de impulsos elétricos com a duração de 200 microssegundos, freqüência de 110 Hz e amplitude de 44 V. O tratamento foi administrado durante 10 dias, 2 horas por dia. A avaliação da eficácia da TENS foi feita utilizando-se a escala visual analógica (EVA) horizontal (0-100 mm). O teste t de Student foi usado na análise estatística. Resultados: A intensidade da dor estava significantemente diminuída em ambos os grupos no 10º dia em comparação ao 1º dia de pós-operatório. Não houve diferenças significantes entre o grupo controle (EVA = 4,18±1,48) e o grupo tratado (EVA= 3,59±1,44), de acordo com a intensidade média diária da dor (t = 1,25; df=38). A intensidade da dor no 10º dia de pós-operatório foi significantemente menor no grupo tratado (EVA = 1,65± 0,80 ) versus o grupo controle (EVA = 3,2± 1,15; t = 5; df = 38; p< 0,01 ). Conclusão: A TENS convencional (dose: 200 microssegundos, 110 Hz, 44 V), administrada 2 horas por dia, durante 10 dias, significantemente reduziu a dor cirúrgica pós-operatória em 20 indivíduos com amputação de membro inferior.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive, nonmedical modality. There are a lot of dilemmas and opposing attitudes regarding the use of TENS in pain management after lower limb amputations. Objective: To establish the role of TENS for the management of postoperative surgical pain after lower limb amputations. Material and methods: Randomized controlled trial, which included forty-six subjects who had undergone lower limb amputations, randomly divided into control and treatment group. The control group received standard postoperative care, whereas the treatment group received standard postoperative care plus TENS. Forty subjects successfully completed the study according to the study protocol. The majority of the individuals had undergone transtibial amputation due to complication of diabetes. Five Ultima TENS XL-A1 portable devices with four self-adhesive electrodes were used. This was the conventional TENS mode, characterized by the delivery of electrical impulses with a duration of 200 microseconds, frequency of 110 Hz, and amplitude of 44V. Treatment was carried out for 2 hours a day, during 10 days. The evaluation of TENS efficacy was performed using the horizontal VAS (0-100 mm). Student T test was used in the statistical analysis. Results: Pain intensity was significantly diminished in both groups at the tenth in comparison with the first postoperative day. There was no significant difference between the control (VAS = 4.18±1.48) and the treatment group (VAS= 3.59±1.44) according to the daily mean pain intensity (t = 1.25; df =38). Pain intensity on the tenth postoperative day was significantly lower in the treatment (VAS = 1.65± 0.80) when compared with the control group (VAS = 3.2± 1.15; t = 5; df = 38; p< 0.01). Conclusion: Conventional TENS (dose: 200 microseconds, 110 Hz, 44V), administered two hours a day during ten days, significantly reduced postoperative surgical pain in twenty subjects who had undergone lower limb amputations.

A haptic device for guide wire in interventional radiology procedures.

Interventional Radiology (IR) is a minimally invasive procedure where thin tubular instruments, guide wires and catheters, are steered through the patient's vascular system under X-ray imaging. In order to perform these procedures, a radiologist has to be trained to master hand-eye coordination, instrument manipulation and procedure protocols. The existing simulation systems all have major drawbacks: the use of modified instruments, unrealistic insertion lengths, high inertia of the haptic device that creates a noticeably degraded dynamic behavior or excessive friction that is not properly compensated for. In this paper we propose a quality training environment dedicated to IR. The system is composed of a virtual reality (VR) simulation of the patient's anatomy linked to a robotic interface providing haptic force feedback. This paper focuses on the requirements, design and prototyping of a specific haptic interface for guide wires.

Real-time haptic interface for VR colonoscopy simulation.

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic medical procedure where the colon of the patient is examined. This minimally invasive technique is performed with a colonoscope, a long tube with an integrated imaging device at its tip. The doctors performing these procedures require high skills in multiple domains such as hand-eye coordination, visualization, safety and ease at guiding flexible endoscopes. The importance of training colonoscopy procedures rises with the growth of variety of colon diseases. In order to safely train surgeons to these procedures, a computer-assisted haptic simulator is proposed. This paper describes both the haptic hardware interface and virtual reality software that compose the training system. A high friction belt is used to render the required forces and to insure the absence of slippage. A differential drive actuated with two DC motors enables to set the system into translation and rotation. A virtual reality environment has been developed to provide real-time visualisation and force feedback.

A real-time haptic interface for interventional radiology procedures.

Interventional Radiology (IR) is a minimally-invasive surgery technique (MIS) where guidewires and catheters are steered in the vascular system under X-ray imaging. In order to perform these procedures, a radiologist has to be correctly trained to master hand-eye coordination, instrument manipulation and procedure protocols. This paper proposes a computer-assisted training environment dedicated to IR. The system is composed of a virtual reality (VR) simulation of the anatomy of the patient linked to a robotic interface providing haptic force feedback.The paper focuses on the requirements, design and prototyping of a specific part of the haptic interface dedicated to catheters. Translational tracking and force feedback on the catheter is provided by two cylinders forming a friction drive arrangement. The whole friction can be set in rotation with an additional motor providing torque feedback. A force and a torque sensor are integrated in the cylinders for direct measurement on the catheter enabling disturbance cancellation with a close-loop force control strategy.