A non-traditional dietary pattern increases risk of coronary artery disease in the Nepalese population.

OBJECTIVES: Several dietary patterns are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Traditional, Western, Mediterranean, and vegetarian are common dietary patterns, derived from principal component analysis (PCA) of dietary food intakes associated with cardiovascular diseases; however, these patterns were derived mostly from the diet habits of people in Western and European countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine dietary patterns linked with coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Nepalese population. METHODS: Food frequency questionnaires were used to estimate dietary intakes in 306 people with CAD and 306 people in a control group matched for age and sex. PCA was performed to deduce the dietary patterns, and conditional logistic regression was executed to determine the association of the dietary patterns with CAD. RESULTS: The component of PCA with higher loadings of refined grain, sugar, and meat and lower loadings of milk, whole grain, and fruit was named the non-traditional dietary pattern in the present study. We found a 34% increased risk of CAD (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.58; P < 0.001) associated with this dietary pattern after adjusting for smoking, physical activity, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Dietary-pattern scores were further categorized into tertiles, and the third tertile was observed with significanly higher odds of CAD than the first tertile (odds ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-4.14; P for trend = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: PCA-derived non-traditional dietary patterns can be a risk for developing CAD in Nepalese people. However, further cohort studies or randomized community trials are suggested to confirm our findings.

Dietary intake in lactating mothers in China 2018: report of a survey.

BACKGROUND: The nutritional status of lactating mothers (LMs) is related to their own health and significantly impacts the secretion of breast-milk, and subsequently the growth and development of infants. Due to the influence of regional economy, traditional habits, and lack of nutrition knowledge, the problem of poor dietary nutrition among Chinese LMs is prominent. We aimed to evaluate and compare the dietary and nutrient intakes in LMs from urban and rural areas in China to provide baseline data for the implementation of relevant health guidance and strategies. METHODS: A multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit urban and rural LMs from 13 provinces and municipalities in China. An online dietary record using food photographs was employed to keep track of what the LMs had eaten in 2 days in the form of face-to-face interview. A total of 954 participants were included in the final analysis. Data expressed as quartiles P50 (P25; P75) were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test (level of significance: p < 0.05). RESULTS: The consumption of staple food was higher in the rural (283.37 g/d) than in the urban areas (263.21 g/d). The consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, shrimp, and shellfish, milk and dairy products was lower than the recommended amounts in both areas, and the insufficient intake of these food types was more serious in rural areas. While the energy intake of 83.8% of all LMs was lower than the estimated energy reference, it was comparable in the urban and rural areas. The intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fats) in rural areas was lower than in urban areas. The intake of some vitamins (VA, VB1, VB2, VB9 and VC) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, iodine and copper) was not ideal for LMs in both rural and urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the dietary intake in LMs was lower than the recommended levels. Many essential nutrients failed to meet the recommended doses, both in the urban and rural areas. The deficiencies in micronutrients were more prevalent in rural compared to urban areas. Educating LMs about women's health and appropriate dietary intake is, therefore, essential.

Association of smoking with coronary artery disease in Nepalese populations: a case control study.

There are well-known traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Among them, smoking is one of the most prominent and modifiable risk factors. This study aims to determine the magnitude of smoking as a risk factor for CAD in the Nepalese population. A hospital-based age- and sex-matched case-control study was carried out with a total of 612 respondents. Bivariate analysis showed that the risk of developing CAD in ex-smokers and current smokers was higher (odds ratio (OR): 1.81 (confidence interval (CI): 1.21-2.7) and OR: 5.2 (CI: 3.4-7.97)), with p-values less than 0.004 and <0.00001, respectively, compared to the risk in never smokers. From stratified socio-demographic, cardio-metabolic, behavioural and psychosocial risk factor analysis, smoking was found to be associated with CAD in almost all subgroups. In the subsequent multivariate analysis, adjustment for socio-demographic, cardio-metabolic and psychosocial risk factors showed a steady increase in risk. However, further adjustment for behavioural risk factors (alcohol use and physical activity) showed that the risk was attenuated by 59% in current smokers. After adjusting for the covariates, current smokers and ex-smokers had an increased risk of CAD (OR: 6.64, 95% CI: 3.64-12.12, p < 0.00001; OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.08-3.31, p < 0.012, respectively) compared with non-smokers. In conclusion, smoking was found to increase the risk of CAD in the Nepalese population.