An optimized chitosan/alginate-based microencapsulation of lime peel essential oil and its application as an antibacterial textile.

A functional textile immobilized by microcapsules of the lime peel essential oils of C. aurantifolia (LPEO) was prepared and characterized. A varied amount of Chitosan/Alginate (CH/AG) ratios, followed by a mass of LPEO and concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) crosslinker, was optimized sequentially to coacervate LPEO using a Tween 80 emulsifier. An antibacterial assay against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was further evaluated for the embedded microcapsules. The LPEO (0.2 g) was effectively coacervated by CH/AG (5:3) crosslinked by 2% of STTP to give a yield, oil content (OC), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 53.45 ± 2.16%, 65.08 ± 2.60% and 85.04 ± 0.70% respectively. A rough spherical shape of LPEO microcapsules was homogeneously observed with an average particle size of 0.757 mm. An Avrami's kinetic model revealed the release mechanism of the core following zero-order kinetics (k = 1.11 ± 0.13 × 10-9 s-1, Ea = 70.21 kJ/mol). The LPEO microcapsules demonstrated good thermal stability up to 122 °C and maintained 38% OC at ambient temperature for four weeks. A 70.34 ± 4.16% of the LPEO microcapsules were successfully overlaid onto the gauze with citric acid binder and sodium phosphate catalyst. Overall, the immobilized microcapsules exhibited strong inhibition against S. aureus and moderate against S. epidermidis, E. coli, and K. pneumonia.

Bioactive Components and Their Activities from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle for Food Development.

Citrus aurantifolia is part of the Rutaceae family and belongs to the genus Citrus. It is widely used in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceuticals because it has a unique flavor and odor. It is nutrient-rich and is beneficial as an antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. Secondary metabolites present in C. aurantifolia are what give rise to biological action. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils are among the secondary metabolites/phytochemicals discovered in C. aurantifolia. Every portion of the plant's C. aurantifolia has a different composition of secondary metabolites. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature affect the oxidative stability of the secondary metabolites from C. aurantifolia. The oxidative stability has been increased by using microencapsulation. The advantages of microencapsulation are control of the release, solubilization, and protection of the bioactive component. Therefore, the chemical makeup and biological functions of the various plant components of C. aurantifolia must be investigated. The aim of this review is to discuss the bioactive components of C. aurantifolia such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, limonoids, and alkaloids obtained from different parts of the plants and their biological activities such as being antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, an insecticide, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, various extraction techniques of the compounds out of different parts of the plant matrix as well as the microencapsulation of the bioactive components in food are also provided.