FeS2 nanosheets-luminol-O2 chemiluminescence method for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, and cefazolin sodium.

This study introduces a novel chemiluminescence (CL) approach utilizing FeS2 nanosheets (NSs) catalyzed luminol-O2 CL reaction for the measurement of three pharmaceuticals, namely venlafaxine hydrochloride (VFX), imipramine hydrochloride (IPM), and cefazolin sodium (CEF). The CL method involved the phenomenon of quenching induced by the pharmaceuticals in the CL reaction. To achieve the most quenching efficacy of the pharmaceuticals in the CL reaction, the concentrations of reactants comprising luminol, NaOH, and FeS2 NSs were optimized accordingly. The calibration curves demonstrated exceptional linearity within the concentration range spanning from 4.00 × 10-7 to 1.00 × 10-3 mol L-1, 1.00 × 10-7 to 1.00 × 10-4 mol L-1, and 4.00 × 10-6 to 2.00 × 10-4 mol L-1 with detection limits (3σ) of 3.54 × 10-7, 1.08 × 10-8, and 2.63 × 10-6 mol L-1 for VFX, IPM, and CEF, respectively. This study synthesized FeS2 NSs using a facile hydrothermal approach, and then the synthesized FeS2 NSs were subjected to a comprehensive characterization using a range of spectroscopic methods. The proposed CL method was effective in measuring the aforementioned pharmaceuticals in pharmaceutical formulations as well as different water samples. The mechanism of the CL system has been elucidated.

FeS2 nanosheets-H2 O2 -NaHCO3 chemiluminescence method for procaine hydrochloride determination.

FeS2 nanosheets (NSs) were produced and exploited as a new catalyst for a chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. The characterization of FeS2 NSs was performed using spectroscopic methods. In this regard, transmission electron microscopy images showed that FeS2 NSs have a length of ~0.5-1 µm. The direct optical band gap energy of FeS2 NSs was found to be 3.45 eV. Prepared FeS2 NSs were used to catalyze the NaHCO3 -H2 O2 CL reaction. It was found that procaine hydrochloride (PCH) could reduce the intensity of the FeS2 NSs-NaHCO3 -H2 O2 CL reaction so, with increasing PCH concentrations, the intensity of light emission decreased. Therefore, a simple and sensitive method was introduced to measure PCH with a linear range expanded from 1.00 × 10-6 to 1.00 × 10-3  mol L-1 and an 8.32 × 10-7  mol L-1 limit of detection. Studies related to the effect of foreign species and reaction mechanisms were performed. The application of the approach was verified by quantifying the PCH in the injection.

ß-MnOOH nanoplate-enhanced chemiluminescence reaction and its application to the determination of amoxicillin and salbutamol sulfate.

In this research, ß-MnOOH nanoplates (NPLs) were hydrothermally produced and then identified using several spectroscopic methods. The ß-MnOOH NPLs were used to catalyze the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of NaHCO3 -H2 O2 . To validate the capability of the CL reaction for pharmaceutical analysis, the CL reaction of ß-MnOOH NPLs-NaHCO3 -H2 O2 reaction was exploited to develop a new method of measuring antibiotics named amoxicillin (AMX) and salbutamol sulfate (SLB). This method is based on the attenuating ß-MnOOH NPLs-NaHCO3 -H2 O2 CL reaction by the antibiotics. Calibration curves were linear in the range 3.00 × 10-5 to 1.00 × 10-3  mol L-1 for AMX and in the range 1.00 × 10-5 to 1.00 × 10-4  mol L-1 for SLB. The limits of detections obtained using the CL method for AMX and SLB were 8.90 × 10-6  mol L-1 and 5.60 × 10-6  mol L-1 , respectively. The relative standard deviations for AMX and SLB, at the 5.00 × 10-5  mol L-1 concentration, were 2.44% and 2.57% (n = 5), respectively. The study of the effect of foreign species showed that the CL method developed has the appropriate selectivity for AMX and SLB. The success of the CL method in actual samples analysis was demonstrated by accurately measuring the selected antibiotics in the pharmaceutical formulations.

A new NiS nanoparticle-enhanced chemiluminescence method for determination of cephalexin in pharmaceuticals and spiked human serum.

It has been reported that NiS nanoparticles (NPs) can markedly enhance light emission from the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of luminol-O2 (λmax = 425 nm). Additionally, it was shown that cephalexin (CEF) could further increase the intensity of light emitted from the NiS NPs-luminol-O2 CL reaction. Inspired by these findings, we aimed to develop a new and straightforward CL method for the determination of CEF. A calibration graph over the range 1.00 × 10-6 to 4.00 × 10-5  mol L-1 was established. The limit of detection of the CL method was 8.00 × 10-7  mol L-1 . The coefficient of variation of the CL method was 2.20% (n = 6) for the measurement of 6.00 × 10-6  mol L-1 CEF. NiS NPs were produced by exploiting the precipitation method and identified using several spectroscopic approaches. The proposed CL method was successfully used to measure CEF in some pharmaceutical products and in spiked human serum. The chemical mechanism governing the CL reaction was briefly explained.

Nickel oxide hollow microsphere for the chemiluminescence determination of tuberculostatic drug isoniazid.

In this article, nickel(II) oxide (NiO) hollow microspheres (HMSs) were fabricated and used to catalyze chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. The studied CL reaction is the luminol-oxygen reaction that was used as a sensitive analytical tool for measuring tuberculostatic drug isoniazid (IND) in pharmaceutical formulations and water samples. The CL method was established based on the suppression impact of IND on the CL reaction. The NiO HMSs were produced by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The result of essential parameters on the analytical performance of the CL method, including concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), luminol, and NiO HMSs were investigated. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for IND was linear in the range of 8.00 × 10-7 to 1.00 × 10-4  mol L-1 (R2  = 0.99). A detection limit (3S) of 2.00 × 10-7  mol L-1 was obtained for this method. The acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) was obtained for the proposed CL method (2.63%, n = 10) for a 5.00 × 10-6  mol L-1 IND solution. The mechanism of the CL reaction was also discussed.

Synthesis of rod-like CeO2 nanoparticles and their application to catalyze the luminal-O2 chemiluminescence reaction used in the determination of oxcarbazepine and ascorbic acid.

Rod-like CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by the quick precipitation approach and employed as a catalyzer to increase the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity of the luminol-O2 reaction. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the CeO2 NPs showed that rod-like particles with the length and diameter about 15 nm and 5 nm, respectively, were produced. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals including oxcarbazepine (OXP) and ascorbic acid (AA) showed an inhibitory effect against the CL intensity such that the more concentration of the pharmaceuticals, the less was the CL intensity. Therefore, the new CeO2 NPs-luminol-O2 CL reaction was developed to determine OXP and AA in the pharmaceutical formulations. It is the first CL method established for the quantification of OXP. The linear dynamic range of this method for OXP was from 6.0 × 10-7 to 6.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 and for AA from 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-4 mol L-1.

Chemiluminescence determination of vancomycin by using NiS nanoparticles-luminol-O2 system.

In this research, NiS nanoparticles (NPs) were produced using a hydrothermal technique and characterized by several spectroscopic methods. Here, for the first time, it was shown that NiS NPs could be exploited as a nanocatalyst in a chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. Here, it was introduced that NiS NPs could intensify luminol-O2 CL reaction, remarkably. Besides, it was shown that vancomycin (VAN) suppresses the CL intensity of NiS NPs-luminol-O2 reaction. By exploiting the results obtained, a new and straightforward CL method was developed for the measurement of VAN. The linear concentration range of the CL method was 4.00 × 10-6 - 1.00 × 10-3 mol L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) was equal to 1.40 × 10-6 mol L-1 and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the CL method was 3.00% (n = 6) for the determination of 8.00 × 10-5 mol L-1 VAN. The established CL method was applied to quantify VAN in the injection and spiked human serum.

CuS nanoparticles-enhanced luminol-O2 chemiluminescence reaction used for determination of paracetamol and vancomycin.

A new chemiluminescence (CL) method was proposed to measure two widely used drugs, including paracetamol (PCM) and vancomycin (VAN). The CL reaction used was the CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs)-luminol-O2 system. In this system, CuS NPs played the role of catalyst and increased the CL intensity. CuS NPs were easily synthesized by quick-precipitation. CuS NPs were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the mean size of NPs was estimated to be about 9 nm. In the developed CL methods, PCM and VAN decreased the CL intensity. In the proposed method, the linear concentration ranges were 4.0 × 10-5-4.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 of PCM and 2.0 × 10-5-6.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 of VAN. The limit of detections were 2.9 × 10-5 mol L-1 and 8.9 × 10-6 mol L-1 for PCM and VAN, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the CL method were 2.99 and 4.31 (n = 6) for the determination of 3.0 × 10-4 mol L-1 PCM and VAN, respectively. It was also shown that the CL methods can measure PCM and VAN concentrations in various real samples.

Monitoring the antioxidant capacity in honey and fruit juices using a microfluidic device with a NaHCO3-H2O2-Co2+ chemiluminescence reaction.

A new microfluidic chemiluminescence (MF-CL) method for rapidly assaying the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of apple and pomegranate juices and honey samples was developed. The method exploited the NaHCO3-H2O2-Co2+ CL reaction. It was found that gallic acid (GA), catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and rutin, as selected phenolic antioxidants, could suppress the CL reaction. The linear range and limit of detection of the method for the antioxidants were as follows: 0.5-3 mg L-1 and 0.27 mg L-1 for GA, 0.2-5.0 mg L-1 and 0.17 mg L-1 for catechin, 0.03-2.0 mg L-1 and 0.03 mg L-1 for caffeic acid, 0.3-2.0 mg L-1 and 0.23 mg L-1 for ferulic acid and 0.3-4.0 mg L-1 and 0.15 mg L-1 for rutin. GA was used as the standard, and the TAC of the fruit juices and honey samples as presented as GA equivalents (GAE). MF-CL was compared with DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) methods.

A simple and sensitive flow injection method based on the catalytic activity of CdS quantum dots in an acidic permanganate chemiluminescence system for determination of formaldehyde in water and wastewater.

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method in which CdS quantum dots (QDs) enhanced the CL intensity of a KMnO4-formaldehyde (HCHO) reaction was offered for the determination of HCHO. This CL system was based on the catalytic activity of CdS QDs and their participation in the CL resonance energy transfer (CRET) phenomenon. A possible mechanism for the supplied CL system was proposed using the kinetic curves of the CL systems and the spectra of CL, photoluminescence (PL) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis). The emanated CL intensity of the KMnO4-CdS QDs system was amplified in the presence of a trace level of HCHO. Based on this enhancement effect, a simple and sensitive flow injection CL method was suggested for the determination of HCHO concentration in environmental water and wastewater samples. Under selected optimized experimental conditions, the increased CL intensity was proportional to the HCHO concentration in the range of 0.03-4.5 µg L(-1) and 4.5-10.0 µg L(-1). The detection limits (3σ) were 0.0003 µg L(-1) and 1.2 µg L(-1). The relative standard deviations (RSD%) for eleven replicate determinations of 4.0 µg L(-1) HCHO were 2.2%. Furthermore, the feasibility of the developed method was investigated via the determination of HCHO concentration in environmental water and wastewater samples.

Flow-injection chemiluminescence analysis for sensitive determination of atenolol using cadmium sulfide quantum dots.

A sensitive, rapid and simple flow-injection chemiluminescence (CL) system based on the light emitted from KMnO4-cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) reaction in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in acidic medium was developed as a CL probe for the sensitive determination of atenolol. Optical and structural features of CdS QDs capped with l-cysteine, which synthesized via hydrothermal approach, were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The CL intensity of KMnO4-CdS QDs-CTAB was remarkably enhanced in the presence of trace level of atenolol. Under optimum experimental conditions, there is a linear relationship between the increase in CL intensity of KMnO4-CdS QDs-CTAB system and atenolol concentration in a range of 0.001 to 4.0 mg L(-1) and 4.0 to 18.0 mg L(-1), with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.0010 mg L(-1). A possible mechanism for KMnO4-CdS QDs-CTAB-atenolol CL reaction is proposed. To prove the practical application of the KMnO4-CdS QDs-CTAB CL method, the method was applied for the determination of atenolol in spiked environmental water samples and commercial pharmaceutical formulation. Furthermore, corona discharge ionization ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS) technique was utilized for determination of atenolol.

Comparison of two methods for selegiline determination: A flow-injection chemiluminescence method using cadmium sulfide quantum dots and corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry.

Two analytical approaches including chemiluminescence (CL) and corona discharge ionization ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS) were developed for sensitive determination of selegiline (SG). We found that the CL intensity of the KMnO4-Na2S2O3 CL system was significantly enhanced in the presence of L-cysteine capped CdS quantum dots (QDs). A possible CL mechanism for this CL reaction is proposed. In the presence of SG, the enhanced CL system was inhibited. Based on this inhibition, a simple and sensitive flow-injection CL method was proposed for the determination of SG. Under optimum experimental conditions, the decreased CL intensity was proportional to SG concentration in the range of 0.01 to 30.0 mg L(-1). The detection limit (3σ) was 0.004 mg L(-1). Also, SG was determined using CD-IMS, and under optimum conditions of CD-IMS, calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.15 to 42.0 mg L(-1), with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.03 mg L(-1). The precision of the two methods was calculated by analyzing samples containing 5.0 mg L(-1) of SG (n=11). The relative standard deviations (RSDs%) of the flow-injection CL and CD-IMS methods are 2.17% and 3.83%, respectively. The proposed CL system exhibits a higher sensitivity and precision than the CD-IMS method for the determination of SG.

A flow injection chemiluminescence method for determination of nalidixic acid based on KMnO4-morin sensitized with CdS quantum dots.

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for determination of nalidixic acid by application of CdS quantum dots (QDs) in KMnO4-morin CL system in acidic medium. Optical and structural features of L-cysteine capped CdS quantum dots which were synthesized via hydrothermal approach were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Moreover, the potential mechanism of the proposed CL method was described using the results of the kinetic curves of CL systems, the spectra of CL, PL and UV-Vis analyses. The CL intensity of the KMnO4-morin-CdS QDs system was considerably increased in the presence of nalidixic acid. Under the optimum condition, the enhanced CL intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of nalidixic acid in the range of 0.0013 to 21.0 mg L(-1), with a detection limit of (3σ) 0.003 mg L(-1). Also, the proposed CL method was utilized for determination of nalidixic acid in environmental water samples, and commercial pharmaceutical formulation to approve its applicability. Furthermore, corona discharge ionization ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS) method was utilized for determination of nalidixic acid and the results of real sample analysis by two proposed methods were compared. Comparison the analytical features of these methods represented that the proposed CL method is preferable to CD-IMS method for determination of nalidixic acid due to its high sensitivity and precision.

Cupric oxide nanoparticles-enhanced chemiluminescence method for measurement of ß-lactam antibiotics.

A simple, sensitive cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the measurement of ß-lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium. The method was based on suppression of the CuO NPs-luminol-H2O2 CL reaction by ß-lactam antibiotics. Experimental parameters that influenced the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic drugs on the CL system, such as NaOH (mol/L), luminol (µmol/L), H2O2 (mol/L) and CuO NPs (mg/L) concentrations, were optimized. Calibration graphs were linear and had dynamic ranges of 1.0 × 10(-6) to 8.0 × 10(-6) mol/L and 3.0 × 10(-5) to 5.0 × 10(-3) mol/L for amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium, respectively, with corresponding detection limits of 7.9 × 10(-7) mol/L and 1.8 × 10(-5) mol/L. The relative standard deviations of five replicate measurements of 5.0 × 10(-6) amoxicillin and 5 × 10(-4) cefazolin sodium were 5.43 and 5.01%, respectively. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM). The developed approach was exploited successfully to measure antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations.

Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of cloxacillin in water samples and pharmaceutical preparation by using CuO nanosheets-enhanced luminol-hydrogen peroxide system.

In this paper, a rapid and sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence (flow-CL) system was developed for the determination of cloxacillin sodium in environmental water samples and pharmaceutical preparations. The method was based on the enhancement effect of cloxacillin sodium on the CL reaction of luminal-H2O2-CuO nanosheets (NSs) in alkaline medium. The CuO nanosheets were synthesized using a green sonochemical method. The physical properties of the synthesized CuO nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The influences of various experimental factors such as H2O2, NaOH, luminol and CuO nanosheets concentrations were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enhanced CL intensity was linearly related to the concentration of cloxacillin sodium in the range of the 0.05-30.00 mg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.995. The corresponding detection limit (3σ) was calculated to be 0.026 mg L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the developed method was 2.21% with 11 repeated measurements of 4.00 mg L(-1) cloxacillin sodium. Also, a total analysis time per sample was 30 s which confirmed the rapidity of the proposed method. The analytical applicability of the proposed CL system was assessed by determining cloxacillin sodium in spiked environmental water samples and pharmaceutical preparation. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of CL reaction was discussed.

Determination of ampicillin sodium using the cupric oxide nanoparticles-luminol-H2 O2 chemiluminescence reaction.

A simple and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method has been developed for the determination of ampicillin sodium at submicromolar levels. The method is based on the inhibitory effect of ampicillin sodium on the cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs)-luminol-H2 O2 CL reaction. Experimental parameters affecting CL inhibition including concentrations of CuO NPs, luminol, H2 O2 and NaOH were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the calibration plot was linear in the analyte concentration range 4.0 × 10(-7) -4.0 × 10(-6) mol/L. The limit of detection was 2.6 × 10(-7) mol/L and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate determinations of 1 × 10(-6) mol/L ampicillin sodium was 4.71%. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were employed to characterize the CuO NPs. The utility of the proposed method was demonstrated by determining ampicillin sodium in pharmaceutical preparation.

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals.

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method was developed for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NPZ). The method is based on the enhancing effect of NPZ on the weak CL signal from the reaction of KIO4 with H2 O2 . Experimental parameters that affected the CL signal, including the pH of the KIO4 solution, concentrations of KIO4 , H2 O2 and disodium-EDTA and flow rate were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of NPZ in the range 5.0 × 10(-6) to 70 × 10(-6) mol/L. The detection limit was 1.0 × 10(-6) mol/L and the relative standard deviation for 50 × 10(-6) mol/L NPZ solution was 2.8% (n = 11). In addition, a high throughput of 120 samples/h was achieved. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining NPZ in pharmaceuticals.

Revisiting flow-chemiluminescence techniques: pharmaceutical analysis.

The state of the art in flow-chemiluminescence (flow-CL) technique for automated pharmaceutical analysis is reviewed. Flow-CL approaches have become powerful and promising tools for pharmaceutical screening in recent years due to their simplicity, low cost and high sensitivity. Because of these advantages, these methods have been widely used for pharmaceutical analysis in recent years. The literature reviewed covers papers of analytical interest that appeared between 2007 and mid-2012 and have been divided into several sections based on fundamental types of CL systems employed. Furthermore, entries have been summarized alphabetically in tabular form giving details of analytical figures of merit of the methods.

Direct chemiluminescence determination of penicillin G potassium and a chemometrical optimization approach.

A highly selective and simple chemiluminescence (CL) method for determination of penicillin G potassium (PGK) was developed. In the proposed method, CL was elicited from PGK upon its oxidation with H(2)O(2). The light emission was enhanced in the presence of N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB). An experimental design, central composite design (CCD), was used to realize the optimized variables, including pH, surfactant (CTMAB) and H(2)O(2) concentrations. Under optimum condition, the calibration graph was linear in the range 3.3 × 10(-3) -3.3 × 10(-1) mmol/L, with a detection limit of 8.8 × 10(-4) mmol/L for PGK. The precision was calculated by analysing samples containing 1.6 × 10(-1) mmol/L PGK (n = 5) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.40%. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining PGK in pharmaceutical formulations for injection. The proposed method was validated by a reference method.

Oscillating chemiluminescence systems: state of the art.

Oscillating chemiluminescence (CL) was reported for the first time about 30 years ago. Since then several systems based on addition of a chemiluminescent reagent to a known oscillator system or based on the light emitting features of one component of the oscillating system, have been described. This information, scattered in the scientific literature, is compiled in the present paper. Several oscillating CL systems, including those based on Belousov-Zhabotinskii and Orban oscillators, or horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed reactions, among others, are critically presented. The application of this type of oscillatory systems is also discussed, in analytical chemistry and for educational purposes.