Animal protein-soybean oil-based broiler diet optimizes net profit at the expense of desirable ω-6 fatty acids from the breast muscle of the broiler chicken.

Total 288 Ross-308-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into six dietary treatment groups in a two-way ANOVA with 2 × 3 factorial arrangements (two factors, i.e., dietary protein and energy having two types of protein, e.g., plant, animal and three different sources of energy, e.g., soybean oil, rice bran oil and sunflower oil) to justify if animal protein-soybean oil based broiler diet optimizes net profit at the expense of desirable ω-6 fatty acids in the breast muscle of the broiler chicken. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), final live weight (FLW), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), carcass characteristics, cardio-pulmonary morphometry, fatty acid profile of the breast muscle and cost-benefit analysis were measured. Results indicated that animal protein significantly increased 4.27% FLW, 6.13% ADFI, 4.31% ADG and 2.93% wing weight. Accordingly, soybean oil increased 4.76% FLW, 3.80% ADG and 1.36% dressing percentage at the expense of 12.07% proventriculus weight compared with sunflower oil. The generalized linear model identified no interaction effects of the sources of protein and energy on overall performance of the birds. Replacement of vegetable protein by animal protein decreased 14.01% ∑ω-3, 12.16% ∑ω-6 and 12.21% sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA) and concomitantly increased 10.82% sum of saturated fatty acids (∑SFAs) in the breast muscle (Pectoralis major). Accordingly, replacement of sunflower oil by soybean oil decreased 29.17% ∑ω-3, 6.71% ∑ω-6, 11.62% sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFAs) and 7.33% ∑PUFAs and concurrently increased 18.36% ∑SFAs in the breast muscle of the broiler birds. It was concluded that animal protein-soybean oil-based broiler diet optimized net profit at the expense of desirable ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids in the breast muscle of the broiler chicken.

Nutrient content and in vitro degradation study of some unconventional feed resources of Bangladesh.

This study aimed to evaluate six unconventional feed resources of Bangladesh, including water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), banana leaves (Musa paradisiaca), roadside grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris Scrad), Seaweed (Hypnea sp.) and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum griffithii). Evaluations were based on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), ash content, DM and OM digestibilities and fractional rate of degradation. Two conventional feeds, i.e., rice bran and german grass, were used as the positive control. Samples (400 mg) were incubated with rumen liquor in an in vitro fermentation chamber at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h for the degradation kinetic studies. The CP contents of 10.13, 10.63, 10.21, and 8.49 % were found in seaweed, banana leaf, water hyacinth, and bamboo leaf, respectively. The NDF values ranged between 16.5 and 75.6% and ADF varied from 9.7 to 58.8% in this study. The highest value of NDF (75.6%) and ADF (58.8%) were found in sugar cane bagasse and the lowest value of NDF (16.5%) and ADF (9.7%) were as observed in seaweed. However, higher DM degradation (33.5-42.8%) was found in seaweed during the incubation periods of 24-96 h. A significant (P < 0.05) increased of OM degradation (44.9%) compared to other feed resources was also observed in seaweed at 96 h of in vitro incubation. Water hyacinth, banana leaves, german grass, and sugarcane bagasse had greater DM digestibility (32.9-36.3%) compared to roadside grass, bamboo leaves, and rice bran (24.8-29.1%). The higher total OM digestibility of seaweed found (>44.9%) can be associated with the presence of large quantities of fraction b (>39.2 %), resulting in moderate amounts of undegradable fraction (U) (57.2 %). This study provides a comparative estimate of ruminal DM and OM degradation characteristics for seaweed and some other unconventional feed resources, which might be helpful for their inclusion in the diet according to the ruminally undegraded to degraded DM and OM intake ratio.

Effects of genotype, parity, season and their interactions on milk yield in crossbred dairy cattle.

The crossbred dairy cattle (CDC) have been gaining popularity in the tropical countries for their increased milk yield within a short period of time because of heterogenic additive gene action. Hence, we aimed to investigate whether genotype, parity, season and their interactions had any effect on average daily milk yield (ADMY) of the CDC in a dairy farm at Chattogram district, Bangladesh, for a period of 3 years from January 2016 to December 2019. Total 16,425 retrospective lactation records of 150 multiparous Sahiwal × Friesian1 (Sahiwal = 50%, HF = 50%), Local × Friesian1 (Local = 50%, HF = 50%) and Local × Friesian2 (Local = 25%, HF = 75%) CDC from the first to the third parities (50 for each parity) were collected from the farm records. The generalized linear model and principal component analysis identified substantial impacts of genotype, parity, season and their interactions on ADMY of the CDC. The herd level least squared ADMY was 11.22 ± 0.04 kg/days on a 305-days typical lactation period. The Sahiwal × Friesian1 CDC produced 7.2% and 5.5% more milk than the Local × Friesian1 and Local × Friesian2 respectively. The CDC produced maximum milk in the second parity, which was 7.8% and 0.34% more than the first and third parities. Similarly, the highest ADMY was recorded in the spring, which was 10.8%, 7.3% and 6.6% more than the fall, summer and winter respectively. It was concluded that the Sahiwal × Friesian1 crossbred produced maximum milk in the spring season at the second parity while other determinants remained constant. The changing patterns of milk yield in different genotype, parity and seasons provided scientific evidence for improving feeding strategy to optimize herd level milk yield of CDC in the commercial dairy farms under tropical perspective.