The up regulation of phosphofructokinase1 (PFK1) protein during chemically induced hypoxia is mediated by the hypoxia-responsive internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element, present in its 5'untranslated region.

PURPOSE: Astrocytes cope-up the hypoxia conditions by up regulating the activity of the enzymes catalyzing the irreversible steps of the glycolytic pathway. The phosphofructokinase1 (PFK1), which converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, is the major regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. For this purpose, we investigated the expression regulation of the PFK1 during chemically induced hypoxia. PRINCIPAL RESULT: After 48 h of the chemically induced hypoxia induction of the C6 glioma cells, the PFK1 protein depicted strong up regulation, with no appreciable change in its mRNA levels. The di-cistronic assay indicated the presence of a weak internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element in the 5'UTR of the PFK1 mRNA. Interestingly, the weak IRES element of the PFK1 was strongly up regulated after 48 h of the chemically induced hypoxia, indicative of a possible mechanism responsible for the induction of the PFK1 protein. The authenticity of the hypoxia-regulated IRES element of the PFK1, relative to the presence of the cryptic promoter element and/or the cryptic splicing was established using promoterless di-cistronic assay and the RT-PCR analysis. Moreover, the ectopic expression of the polypyrimidine tract binding (PTB) protein resulted in the enhanced activity of the IRES element of the PFK1. Additionally, it was established that the chemically induced hypoxia resulted in the increased shuttling of the PTB from the cell nucleus to the cytosol. MAJOR CONCLUSION: The presence of a hypoxia responsive IRES element, in the 5'UTR of the PFK1 was established to be the possible mechanism responsible for the up regulation of the PFK1 protein. Our data provides an interesting mechanism that may explain the increased glycolytic capacity of the astrocytes after brain hypoxia.

The carboxy-terminal domain of connexin 43 (CT-Cx43) modulates the expression of p53 by altering miR-125b expression in low-grade human breast cancers.

PURPOSE: Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a widely expressed gap junction protein. It can also regulate various gap-junction independent processes, including cellular proliferation. The latter regulatory functions have been attributed to its carboxy-terminal domain, CT-Cx43. CT-Cx43 has been found to be expressed independent of full-length Cx43 in various cell types. Its nuclear localization has additionally raised the possibility that it may regulate the expression of particular genes, including miRNAs, known play a role in the regulation of cellular proliferation. Here, we set out to uncover the molecular mechanism(s) underlying CT-Cx43 mediated gene (de-)regulation in human breast cancer. METHODS: Western blotting and quantitative real time PCR were carried to assess the expression of CT-Cx43 and miR-125b in a panel of 60 primary human breast cancer tissues and its paired normal adjacent tissues. In addition, CT-Cx43 was exogenously expressed in the breast cancer-derived cell line MCF-7 and its effect on the expression of miR-125b and its downstream target p53 were evaluated, as well as its effect on cellular proliferation and death using MTT and LDH assays, respectively. RESULTS: We found that CT-Cx43, but not full-length Cx43, was down-regulated in low grade human breast cancers. In addition, we found that the tumor suppressor protein p53 exhibited a decreased expression in the CT-Cx43 down-regulated samples. Interestingly, we found that miR-125b, a negative regulator of p53, exhibited an inverse expression relationship with CT-Cx43 in the breast cancer samples tested. This inverse relationship was confirmed by exogenous expression of CT-Cx43 in MCF-7 cells. In addition, we found that CT-Cx43 up-regulation and subsequent miR-125b down-regulation resulted in a decreased proliferation of MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a mechanism by which CT-Cx43 may regulate cell proliferation. Targeting of CT-Cx43 and/or miR-125b may be instrumental for therapeutic intervention in human breast cancer.

Mutations in MicroRNA Genes and Their Binding Sites are Infrequently Associated with Human Colorectal Cancer in the Kashmiri Population.

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, 19-24 nucleotides in length that bind to the 3'UTR of target mRNAs and thus regulate gene expression post transcriptionally. MiRNAs have been implicated in various biological and pathological processes. The binding of miRNAs to 3'UTR is crucial for regulating the mRNA level and hence protein expression. The complementarity between the miRNA and its target mRNA is critical for the outcome of the miRNA mediated translational regulation. Changes in the nucleotide sequence of either the miRNA or its target binding site can deregulate gene expression and hence lead to the development of various pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis. To determine whether sequence alterations in miRNA genes and their target sites in mRNAs are associated with the colorectal cancers, we screened two miRNA genes-Let-7c, mir-206 and selected miRNA binding regions on KRAS, TP53 and GJA1 3'UTR. This study was carried out on 60 human colorectal cancer tissue samples. Our sequencing results did not reveal any mutation/single-nucleotide polymorphism in either the miRNAs or the miRNA binding sites in any of the tumor samples. This data suggests that mutations/SNPs targeting miRNA genes or their binding sites in 3'-untranslated regions are infrequent events in the development of colorectal cancer in Kashmiri population.

Pathological implications of Cx43 down-regulation in human colon cancer.

Connexin 43 is an important gap junction protein in vertebrates and is known for its tumor suppressive properties. Cx43 is abundantly expressed in the human intestinal epithelial cells and muscularis mucosae. To explore the role of Cx43 in the genesis of human colon cancer, we performed the expression analysis of Cx43 in 80 cases of histopathologically confirmed and clinically diagnosed human colon cancer samples and adjacent control tissue and assessed correlations with clinicopathological variables. Western blotting using anti-Cx43 antibody indicated that the expression of Cx43 was significantly down regulated (75%) in the cancer samples as compared to the adjacent control samples. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue samples confirmed the down regulation of the Cx43 in the intestinal epithelial cells. Cx43 down regulation showed significant association (p<0.05) with the histological type and tumor invasion properties of the cancer. Our data demonstrated that loss of Cx43 may be an important event in colon carcinogenesis and tumor progression, providing significant insights about the tumor suppressive properties of the Cx43 and its potential as a diagnostic marker for colon cancer.

Chelation of vanadium(V) by difluoromethylene bisphosphonate, a structural analogue of pyrophosphate.

The structural and functional analogy between difluoromethylene bisphosphonate (CF2PP) and pyrophosphate (PPi) is investigated in a reaction with V(V) in the form of vanadate. The reaction of CF2PP with vanadate was investigated using 1.00 M KCl as supporting electrolyte over the ranges 3 < or = [CF2PP] < or = 60 mM and 2.06 < or = pH < or = 11.80. 51V, 19F, and 31P NMR spectroscopic studies showed that a 1:1 species was formed with an H+-dependent formation constant of 110 M-1 at pH 7.22. Results of solution experiments and ab initio calculations are consistent with CF2PP coordinating V(V) in a bidentate manner, as previously reported for PPi. Below pH 4, a minor complex forms, which is consistent with a 1:2 stoichiometry. This complex was also observed with pyrophosphate. The X-ray crystal structure of the monoprotonated difluoromethylene bisphosphonate anion (H[CF2PP]3-)-toludine complex is presented. The H[CF2PP]3- anion crystallized in the triclinic space group P with a = 12.7629(7) A, b = 13.3992(7) A, c = 17.1002(9) A, and V = 2584.4(2) A3, and Z = 2. Sheets of the layers of anions are connected through a network of H-bonds and separated by a layer of toludine cations. The structural features are investigated, and the CF2PP anion was found to be longer and wider than the corresponding PPi. Given the larger size of this anion compared to PPi, the chelation affinity upon CF2 substitution was found to be 4-5-fold reduced at neutral pH.

Reaction of singlet oxygen with Ir(I) and Rh(I) thiolato complexes: oxidative addition vs. S-oxidation.

Singlet oxygen reacts with Ir(I) and Rh(I) thiolato complexes to form the corresponding Ir(III) and Rh(III) peroxo thiolato complexes which do not undergo intramolecular oxidation of the thiolate moiety.