The molecular regulation of oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination by ECM proteins.

Oligodendrocytes are myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The development of oligodendrocytes is regulated by a large number of molecules, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are relatively less characterized. Here, we review the molecular functions of the major ECM proteins in oligodendrocyte development and pathology. Among the ECM proteins, laminins are positive regulators in oligodendrocyte survival, differentiation, and/or myelination in the CNS. Conversely, fibronectin, tenascin-C, hyaluronan, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans suppress the differentiation and myelination. Tenascin-R shows either positive or negative functions in these activities. In addition, the extracellular domain of the transmembrane protein teneurin-4, which possesses the sequence homology with tenascins, promotes the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. The activities of these ECM proteins are exerted through binding to the cellular receptors and co-receptors, such as integrins and growth factor receptors, which induces the signaling to form the elaborated and functional structure of myelin. Further, the ECM proteins dynamically change their structures and functions at the pathological conditions as multiple sclerosis. The ECM proteins are a critical player to serve as a component of the microenvironment for oligodendrocytes in their development and pathology.

Association Between Vertebral Fracture and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in vertebral fracture patients admitted to our hospital. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although vertebral fracture is generally treated conservatively with rest and use of a corset, surgery with rigid internal fixation is recommended for vertebral fractures in patients with DISH. Thus, treatment strategies for vertebral fracture differ according to the presence or absence of DISH. However, only a few studies have investigated the prevalence of DISH in vertebral fracture patients. METHODS: A total of 159 patients (49 men and 110 women, with a mean age of 82.9 years) who were diagnosed with fresh vertebral fracture and required admission to HITO Hospital. The diagnosis of fresh vertebral fracture was made using x-ray imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, and the presence or absence of DISH was assessed. In addition, age, sex, bone mineral density ( % young adult mean), blood test results, treatment, and length of hospital stay were compared between patients with and without DISH. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with DISH among the patients with vertebral fracture was 33.9% (54 of 159 patients). The proportions in men and women were 38.8% and 31.8%, respectively, with no significant difference between sexes (P = 0.39). The patients in the DISH group were older than those in the non-DISH group (83.6 vs. 79.4 years, P = 0.009), and the DISH group had higher glycated hemoglobin A1c (P = 0.005), higher bone mineral density (P = 0.042), and longer length of hospital stay (P = 0.0001) compared with those in the non-DISH group. CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients with DISH among the vertebral fracture patients was 33.9%. Given that patients with DISH may require different treatment approaches, careful observation is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Internalization of CCR4 and inhibition of chemotaxis by K777, a potent and selective CCR4 antagonist.

CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates the chemotaxis of Th2 lymphocytes, which are key players in allergic diseases. K777 is a small compound identified in a binding assay using a CCR4 ligand, CCL17. K777 inhibited both CCL17 binding and CCL17-induced chemotaxis in Hut78 cells (IC50: 57 and 8.9 nmol/l, respectively). The K777-mediated inhibition of chemotaxis was potent even in the presence of a 10-fold higher concentration of CCL17. The imaging and flow cytometric analyses revealed that K777 induced CCR4 internalization, with a ∼50% reduction of cell surface CCR4. K777 did not inhibit CXCR4-induced chemotaxis or internalization and did not bring about Ca(2+) mobilization by itself. A Scatchard plot analysis of the binding assay using radiolabeled K777 revealed a single high-affinity binding site on the CCR4 molecule. These results indicate that K777 is a selective CCR4 antagonist featuring the potent chemotaxis inhibition, to which the internalization-inducible ability of K777 to hide a part of cell surface CCR4 may contribute.

Inhibitory effect of the new orally active CCR4 antagonist K327 on CCR4+CD4+ T cell migration into the lung of mice with ovalbumin-induced lung allergic inflammation.

CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed on Th2 cells, found in inflamed tissues of allergic diseases, and is therefore suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases by controlling Th2 cell migration into inflamed tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of a selective CCR4 antagonist, K327 [6-cyclopropancarbonyl-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-2-(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl] piperazin-1-yl)-7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrido (4,3-d)pyrimidine], on the recruitment of CCR4+CD4+ T cells to the airway of mice with ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. K327 was administered to mice in which CCR4+CD4+ T cell accumulation was elicited by multiple inhalations of aerosolized ovalbumin. K327 significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the recruitment of CCR4+CD4+ T cells with an ID(50 )value of 44 mg/kg, p.o. twice daily. The antiasthmatic potential of K327 was also demonstrated by the fact that K327 suppressed the elevation of Th2 cytokines and airway eosinophilia. These results indicate that CCR4 antagonists can control in vivo migration of Th2 cells which express CCR4 and, presumably, serve as a new class of therapeutic agent for allergy.

Effect of bone marrow grafting on the titanium porous-coated implant in bilateral total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Poor bone ingrowth into the porous coating of tibial components has been reported. We hypothesized that iliac marrow grafting might be useful to enhance bone ingrowth into a porous-coated implant. The first part of this study was to examine the presence of fibroblast colony-forming units (CFUF) containing osteogenic precursor cells in tibial bone marrow and iliac bone marrow. The second aim was to compare the clinical and radiographic results after bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with and without autologous bone marrow transplantation to the bone-implant interface. METHODS: Simultaneous bilateral TKA was performed in 21 patients with osteoarthritis. Aspirated iliac bone marrow was transplanted to the interface of one randomly selected porous-coated tibial component in each patient, and contralateral knees served as controls. All of the 21 patients were followed for 5 years. RESULTS: The average number of CFU-F was significantly lower in tibial marrow than in iliac marrow (p = 0.008). The final fluoroscopically-guided radiographs revealed a decrease in the number of knees with radiolucent lines after marrow grafting compared to those without grafting (p = 0.004). INTERPRETATION: Iliac bone marrow is useful as a bone grafting material to enhance the biological fixation in porous-coated implants.

K579, a slow-binding inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, is a long-acting hypoglycemic agent.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors are expected to be categorized in a new type of antidiabetic drugs. We had developed a long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, K579 [(S)-1-[4-methyl-1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-4-piperidylamino]acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile]. The aim of present study was to characterize the pharmacological profiles of K579. In normal rats, K579 suppressed the blood glucose elevation after an oral glucose tolerance test with the increment of plasma insulin and active forms of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). During repetitive glucose loading using Zucker fatty rats, pretreatment with K579 attenuated the glucose excursion after the second glucose loading as well as the first glucose loading without inducing hypoglycemia. The kinetic study using cell extract revealed that K579 was a more potent and slower binding inhibitor than the existing dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (NVP-DPP728, 1-[[[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine). These profiles of K579 might be advantageous over the existing dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor with respect to less dosing frequency.

A novel bisphosphonate inhibits inflammatory bone resorption in a rat osteolysis model with continuous infusion of polyethylene particles.

This study examined the inhibitory effect of a new bisphosphonate (TRK-530) on wear debris-mediated bone resorption in a rat osteolysis model involving continuous infusion of high density polyethylene (HDPE) particles. TRK-530 (TRK) is a novel synthetic bisphosphonate that has been shown to decrease the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the bone marrow of rats with adjuvant arthritis. Forty Wistar rats were randomized to two groups (n = 20 each). In each rat, a Kirshner (K) wire was inserted into the femur and HDPE particles were continuously infused into the knee joint. Thereafter, the animals were subcutaneously injected with saline (control group) or 1 mg/kg of TRK (TRK group) every second day, and were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks after surgery. Radiographs obtained at the time of sacrifice were evaluated for periprosthetic osteolysis. We also examined the thickness of the reactive membrane as well as the number of osteoclast-like cells around the K-wire. In addition, we examined the expression of genes for bone-resorbing cytokines in the reactive membrane. Radiographic peri-implant osteolysis was more frequent in the control group compared with the TRK group at each time of assessment (p < 0.01). The interfacial membrane was significantly thinner in the TRK group compared with the control group (p < 0.01) and the average number of osteoclast-like cells around the K-wire was significantly fewer in the TRK group (p < 0.01). In addition, the expression of interleukin 1-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid (IL-1alpha mRNA) and TNF-alpha mRNA was suppressed in the TRK group at each time of assessment. We conclude that the TRK can inhibit the formation of inflammatory peri-implant osteolysis induced by HDPE particles.