[Active surveillance for patients with localized prostate cáncer. Adherence and protocol drop analysis.] / La vigilancia activa en pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado. Análisis de adherencia y salida del protocolo.

OBJECTIVE: VA is currently considered the treatment of choice for patients with low and very low risk prostate cancer. We analyzed the evolution of this treatment strategy in our series and adherence to the protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ambispective study of patients in VA in our center between 2014- 2019. 237 meet inclusion criteria, of which 142 (60%) have a minimum of 12 months of follow- up. Mean age: 68.5 (4678), median PSA 6.37 ng / ml (1-33). 229 (96.6%) are ISUP 1 and 8 (3.4%) ISUP 2. Objectives are proposed to assess our adherence to the protocol. Descriptive statistics are used to communicate the results. RESULTS: According to the classification by risk groups of the NCCN, 145 (61.2%), 49 (20.7%) and 42 (17.7%) were very low risk, low risk and favorable intermediate risk patients, respectively. The median of follow-up is 14 months (0-66). Of the patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, 107 (75.4%) were re-biopsied. 80 (33.8%) leave the protocol in these 5 years, 31.3% (25) by their own decision, 55% (44) due to medical criteria, and 11.3% (9) go to WW. After 5 years of follow-up, 99.2% of patients are still alive, 0.8% died of specific non-cancer causes. Of the objectives to assess adherence, 8 are achieved, 1 partially and 1 is not evaluable. CONCLUSIONS: VA in our center is already the treatment of choice for very low-risk patients, with a constant increase from year to year. Adherence to the protocol has been favorable during the period of time studied.

OBJETIVO: La VA se ha convertido en uno de los tratamientos de elección del CP localizado de bajo y muy bajo riesgo. Analizamos la evolución de esta estrategia de tratamiento en nuestra serie, así como la adherencia al protocolo.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio ambispectivo de los pacientes incluidos en VA en nuestro centro entre los años 2014-2019. 237 pacientes cumplen los criterios de inclusión en VA, de los cuales 142 (60%) tienen un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Edad media: 68,5(46-78), mediana PSA 6,37 ng/ml (1-33). 229 pacientes (96,6%) son ISUP 1 y 8 (3,4%) ISUP 2. Se proponen unos objetivos para valorar nuestra adherencia al protocolo. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva y contraste de hipótesis para comunicar los resultados.RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Atendiendo a la clasificación por grupos de riesgo de la NCCN, 145 (61,2%), 49 (20,7%) y 42 (17,7%) eran pacientes muy bajo riesgo, bajo riesgo y riesgo intermedio favorable respectivamente. El tiempo (mediana) de permanencia en el programa es de 14 meses (0-66). De los pacientes con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses, 107 (75,4%) son re ­ biopsiados. 80 pacientes (33,8%) salen del protocolo en estos 5 años, 31,3% (25) por decisión propia, 55% (44) por criterios médicos, y 11,3% (9) pasan a WW. Tras 5 años de seguimiento, el 99,2% de los pacientes continúan vivos, el 0,8% falleció por causas no cáncer específicas. De los objetivos para evaluar la adherencia, 8 de ellos se alcanzan, 1 parcialmente y 1 no es evaluable. CONCLUSIONES: La VA en nuestro centro constituye actualmente el tratamiento de elección para los pacientes con muy bajo riesgo. La adherencia al protocolo ha sido favorable durante el periodo de tiempo estudiado.

Early Transthoracic Echocardiography after Cardiac Surgery Predicts Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation.

PURPOSE: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is frequent after cardiac surgery. We aimed to establish a predictive model of POAF based on postoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings. METHODS: This study included 147 patients (aged 67 ± 11 years; 109 men) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic valve replacement. TTE and Doppler tissue imaging were performed on intensive care unit arrival after surgery. All patients were continuously monitored during hospitalization. The end point was the appearance of POAF. RESULTS: POAF appeared in 37 patients (25.2%). These patients were older (69 ± 16 vs. 65 ± 12 years; P < 0.001) and had increased long axis of the left atrium (LA) dimension (5.4 ± 1 vs. 4.8 ± 0.9 cm, P = 0.02), lower early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e') (6.9 ± 2.1 vs. 8 ± 1.8 cm/sec; P < 0.01), and higher early diastolic pulsed Doppler mitral ratio (E)/e' (E/e') (17.4 ± 6.8 vs. 13.8 ± 6; P = 0.01). Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction grade (DFG) of 2 or 3 relative to grade 0 was significant: odds ratio (OR) 22.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.52-57.2; P < 0.001, and OR: 23.6, 95% CI: 3.57-60.1; P = 0.001), respectively. On multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of POAF were age (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18; P < 0.05), long-axis LA dimension (OR: 6.24, 95% CI: 1.97-8.23; P = 0.0017), DFG-2 (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.57-15.81; P < 0.001), and DFG-3 (OR: 8.3, 95% CI: 4.11-25.37; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Apart from age, the simple determination by postoperative TTE of long-axis LA dimension and DFG after cardiac surgery proved to be powerful independent predictors of POAF and may be useful for risk stratification of these patients.

Left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain predicts adverse remodeling and subsequent cardiac events in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

To determine whether left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) predicts adverse LV remodeling and cardiac events. In a prospective cohort study of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), we recorded clinical data and GLS, global circumferential strain and radial strain using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography of the left ventricle. At 6-month and 3-year follow-ups, patients were grouped by presence or absence of adverse LV remodeling. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with adverse LV remodeling and a Cox model to determine the relationships between these factors and cardiac events. Of 97 patients (mean age 56 ± 12 years; 76 men), 38 showed LV remodeling. Diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (OR) 1.95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.8, p = 0.05], peak troponin I (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3, p = 0.004), and GLS (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.3, p = 0.009) independently predicted LV remodeling. During follow-up (22.8 ± 12.3 months), 20 patients suffered adverse events, which were independently predicted by GLS alone (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.7-13.9, p = 0.002). Optimal GLS cutoffs for predicting adverse LV remodeling and cardiac events were >-12.46% [area under receiver operating-characteristic curve (AUC) 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.96, p < 0.001] and >-9.27% (AUC 0.86, 95% CI 0.64-0.98, p < 0.001), respectively. GLS measured immediately after primary PCI is an excellent predictor of adverse LV remodeling and cardiac events in patients with AMI.

Recurrent intraventricular thrombus six months after ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a diabetic man: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention with placement of a drug-eluting stent in a diabetic patient with ST-elevation myocardial infarction is a relatively common procedure, and always requires subsequent treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy. It is sometimes necessary to add oral anticoagulation therapy because of individual clinical circumstances, which further increases the risk of bleeding. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old hypertensive diabetic man with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding was admitted with an ST-elevation inferior myocardial infarction that had been evolving over 72 h. Electrocardiography showed ST segment elevation in the inferior leads and Q waves in the inferior and anterior leads. He reported a similar episode of chest pain 1 month previously, for which he had not sought medical treatment. Coronary angiography showed chronic occlusion of the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery, and acute occlusion of the mid-right coronary artery. He was treated by percutaneous coronary intervention, with placement of a drug-eluting stent in the right coronary artery. Soon after admission, transthoracic echocardiography showed abnormal left ventricular contractility and a large left intraventricular thrombus. Three weeks after admission, the patient was discharged on dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin) and oral anticoagulation therapy (acenocoumarol). Four months after discharge, transthoracic echocardiography showed absence of left ventricular thrombus and resolution of the abnormal contractility in the area supplied by the revascularized right coronary artery. Given the high risk of bleeding, oral anticoagulation therapy was stopped. Six months later, transthoracic echocardiography showed recurrent left ventricular apical thrombus, and an underlying hypercoagulable state was ruled out. Oral anticoagulation therapy was restarted on an indefinite basis, and dual antiplatelet therapy was continued. CONCLUSIONS: The present case illustrates the need for repeat transthoracic echocardiography following the withdrawal of oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, both to monitor thrombus status and to assess left ventricular segmental contraction. In patients who require anticoagulation, avoidance of a drug-eluting stent is strongly preferred and second-generation stents are recommended. The alternative regimen of oral anticoagulation and clopidogrel may be considered in this scenario. In patients with recurrent intraventricular thrombus an underlying hypercoagulable state should be ruled out.

Pulmonary valve infective endocarditis in an adult patient with severe congenital pulmonary stenosis and ostium secundum atrial septal defect.

A hypertensive 76-year-old man with severe pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) and recent initiation of haemodialysis was referred with fever, chills, and asthenia. One month prior, he had been admitted with similar symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) had shown a PVS and no valve vegetations were observed. Following discharge, he was readmitted with fever and blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus haemolyticus. A new TTE revealed two pulmonary valve vegetations and a previously undetected ostium secundum-type atrial septal defect (ASD), confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography. The clinical course was uneventful with intravenous antibiotic treatment and the patient was safely discharged. This is a case of pulmonary valve infective endocarditis (IE). The incidence of right-sided IE is on the rise due to the increased number of patients using central venous lines, pacing, haemodialysis and other intravascular devices. Pulmonary valve IE is extremely rare, especially in structurally normal hearts. The case reported here, presents a combination of predisposing factors, such as severe congenital PVS, the presence of a central venous catheter, and haemodialysis. The fact that it was an older patient with severe congenital PVS and associated with a previously undiagnosed ASD, is also an unusual feature of this case, making it even more interesting.