Impact of Air Pollution and COVID-19 Infection on Periprocedural Death in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Air pollution and COVID-19 infection affect the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The impact of these factors on the course of ACS treatment is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of air pollution, COVID-19 infection, and selected clinical factors on the occurrence of perioperative death in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by developing a neural network model. This retrospective study included 53,076 patients with ACS from the ORPKI registry (National Registry of Invasive Cardiology Procedures) including 2395 COVID-19 (+) patients and 34,547 COVID-19 (-) patients. The neural network model developed included 57 variables, had high performance in predicting perioperative patient death, and had an error risk of 0.03%. Based on the analysis of the effect of permutation on the variable, the variables with the greatest impact on the prediction of perioperative death were identified to be vascular access, critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) or left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Air pollutants and COVID-19 had weaker effects on end-point prediction. The neural network model developed has high performance in predicting the occurrence of perioperative death. Although COVID-19 and air pollutants affect the prediction of perioperative death, the key predictors remain vascular access and critical LMCA or LAD stenosis.

The influence of air pollution by PM2.5, PM10 and associated heavy metals on the parameters of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), defined as abrupt cessation of mechanical activity of the heart, is one of the most common causes of death in high-income countries. Cardiac arrest is most often a result of severe cardiovascular disease. New evidence shows that air pollutants such as heavy metals and atmospheric particulate matter have an impact on the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases as well on incidences of OHCA. This retrospective analysis includes all OHCA cases that occurred in central Poland covering the area of 11.711 km2 with the population density of 108 people per square kilometer. Among 2878 EMS-treated OHCA cases between 2013 and 2016, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted in 2076 (72%) patients. Concentrations of air pollutants were compared with temperature, humidity and clinical factors affecting the CPR. The study shows seasonal variation of PM 2.5 (p < 0.001), PM 10 (p < 0.001), As (p < 0.001) and Cd (p < 0.001) over the years. Air pollution has a significant effect on the parameters of pre-hospital evaluation in OHCA patients, especially with respect to the content of PM2.5/PM10 and heavy metals. Nickel exposure affects the incidence of initial shockable rhythm (IRR 0.92; p = 0.01) and effectiveness of CPR (IRR 0.94; p = 0.003). Arsenic has an impact on overall mortality (IRR 1.07; p = 0.01) and death upon the arrival of EMS team (IRR 1.15; p < 0.001). Overall mortality was also related to ambient levels of PM10 (IRR 1.004; p < 0.047).

Zooremediation of leachates from municipal waste using Eisenia fetida (SAV.).

Leachates from municipal landfills are formed as infiltration waters flowing through the landfill. They contain toxic, dissolved products of biochemical reactions taking place in the deposit. They cause soil and groundwater pollution. It is necessary to take them out of the landfill cover and utilize toxins contained therein, in particular heavy metals. Such processes are conducted with the use of microorganisms. Due to the content of toxic compounds, introducing leachates into the process of biological purification poses a threat to the microorganisms used in these processes. An alternative to microbial co-treatment of sludge and leachate as well as soil contaminated with communal leachate is to use red hybrid of California (Eisenia fetida Sav.), an earthworm resistant to environmental toxins, in particular heavy metals. The aim of the conducted research is to demonstrate the possibility of using red hybrid of California in leachate bioutilization as a complementary or alternative method to the process of leachate utilization with the use of microorganisms. The obtained results led to the conclusion that Eisenia fetida accumulates environmental toxins well. By collecting and processing them in the tissues, it remedies the substrate and retains long life and fertility, and the ability to reproduce. The research demonstrated high dynamics of population growth (from 25 individuals in the initial deposit to 298 individuals after six months of research). These properties are related to the presence of enzyme proteins from the metallothionein group in the gastrointestinal tract cells. Packing heavy metals found in leachates into the metallothionein coat limits their toxic effect on earthworm tissues, which confirms the possibility of using earthworms in the processes of detoxification of municipal leachate.

Sorption of cadmium and zinc in selected species of epigeic mosses.

The sorption abilities of seven moss species growing on the area of Bory Stobrawskie forest (southern Poland) were tested in laboratory. Sorption was carried out in solutions of Zn and Cd chlorides. It has been shown that the sorption properties depend on the moss species and increases in the series as follows: Polytrichum commune < Leucobryum glaucum < Eurhynchium praelongum < Thuidium tamtariscifolium ≤ Dicranum scoparium ≤ Pleurozium schreberi < Sphagnum sp. With help of microscope images, it was also demonstrated that one of the factors affecting the sorption properties of mosses was the level of their surface development. The determined sorption capacity of Zn varies according to species of mosses from 0.0491 to 0.1287 mmol g(-1), and in relation to Cd from 0.0319 to 0.1335 mmol g(-1). The described results may be important in the process of biomonitoring research design and in the test results interpretation.