Expression analysis elucidates the roles of Nicastrin, Notch4, and Hes1 in prognosis and endocrine-therapy resistance in ER-positive breast cancer patients.

Background and purpose: Although some proposed mechanisms responsible for tamoxifen resistance have already been present, further study is needed to determine the mechanisms underlying tamoxifen resistance more clearly. The critical role of Notch signaling has been described in promoting resistance in therapeutics, but there is little information about its role in tamoxifen resistance progression. Experimental approach: In the present study, the expression of Notch pathway genes, including Notch4, nicastrin and the Notch downstream target Hes1 was evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR in 36 tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) and 36 tamoxifen-sensitive (TAM-S) patients. Expression data were correlated with the clinical outcome and survival of patients. Findings/Results: mRNA levels of Notch4 (fold change = 2.7), nicastrin (fold change = 6.71), and Hes1 (fold change= 7.07) were significantly higher in TAM-R breast carcinoma patients compared to sensitive cases. We confirmed all these genes were co-expressed. Hence, it seems that Notch signaling is involved in tamoxifen resistance in our TAM-R patients. Obtained results showed that Hes1, nicastrin, and Notch4 mRNA upregulation was correlated with the N stage. The extracapsular nodal extension was associated with nicastrin and Notch4 overexpression. Moreover, nicastrin overexpression was correlated with perineural invasion. Hes1 upregulation was also associated with nipple involvement. Finally, the Cox regression proportional hazard test revealed that overexpression of nicastrin was an independent worse survival factor. Conclusion and implications: Presumably, upregulation of the Notch pathway may be involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer patients.

PAX2 promoter methylation and AIB1 overexpression promote tamoxifen resistance in breast carcinoma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Disease recurrence is an important obstacle in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tamoxifen treated breast carcinoma patients. Tamoxifen resistance-related molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Alteration in DNA methylation which contributes to transcriptional regulation of cancer-related genes plays a crucial role in tamoxifen response. In the present study, the contribution of promoter methylation and mRNA expression of PAX2 and AIB1 in the development of breast carcinoma and tamoxifen refractory was assessed. METHODS: Methylation specific-high resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis and Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiment were performed to analyze the promoter methylation and mRNA expression levels of PAX2 and AIB1 genes in 102 breast tumors and adjacent normal breast specimens. RESULTS: We indicated that PAX2 expression is decreased in breast tissues due to hypermethylation in its promoter region. Compared to the adjacent normal tissues, the tumors exhibited significantly lower relative mRNA levels of PAX2 and increased expression of AIB1. Aberrant promoter methylation of PAX2 and overexpression of AIB1 was observed in tamoxifen resistance patients compared to the sensitive ones. Cox regression analysis exhibited that the increased promoter methylation status of PAX2 and overexpression of AIB1 remained as unfavorable identifiers which influence patients' survival independently. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that the aberration in PAX2 promoter methylation and AIB1 overexpression are associated with the tamoxifen response in breast carcinoma patients. Further research is needed to demonstrate the potential of using PAX2 and AIB1 expression and their methylation-mediated regulation as predictive or prognostic biomarkers or as a new target therapy for better disease management.

Role of SALL4 and Nodal in the prognosis and tamoxifen resistance of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Despite the discovery of a number of different mechanisms underlying tamoxifen resistance, its molecular pathway is not completely clear. The upregulation of SALL4 and Nodal has been reported in breast cancer. Nevertheless, their role in tamoxifen resistance has not been investigated. In the present study, we compared Nodal and SALL4 expression in 72 tamoxifen sensitive (TAMS) and tamoxifen-resistant (TAMR) patients. Afterward, the correlation of expression data with clinicopathological features and survival of patients was studied. Results showed that both SALL4 and Nodal were significantly upregulated in TAMR compared to TAMS patients. Besides, there was a positive association between Nodal and SALL4 expression. Furthermore, we evaluated their correlation with the expression of Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 stemness markers. The results demonstrated that in most tissue samples there was a positive correlation between Nodal and SALL4 expression with these stemness markers. Besides, the overexpression of SALL4 and Nodal significantly correlated with the N stage. Moreover, the overexpression of SALL4 was associated with extracapsular invasion and lymphatic invasion. High level expressions of SALL4 and Nodal had a significant association with worse disease-free survival (DFS) rates. In addition, increased level of Nodal expression provides a superior predictor factor for DFS. The multivariate Cox regression analysis also revealed that for DFS, perineural invasion (PNI) was independently an unfavorable prognostic value. These findings suggest that the high expression of SALL4 and Nodal could contribute to tamoxifen resistance and worse survival rates in tamoxifen-treated ER+ breast cancer patients.

Increased Expression of Gankyrin and Stemness Factor Oct-4 are Associated with Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes and Poor Benefit of Tamoxifen in Breast Carcinoma Patients.

Tamoxifen is the most important treatment component in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast carcinoma patients. Tamoxifen resistance incidence presents an important obstacle in clinical treatment. Mechanisms underlying tamoxifen refractory are not completely understood. Although elevated expression of Gankyrin (P28GANK) and stem cell markers Nanog, Oct-4 and Sox-2 have been reported in breast carcinoma, their role in tamoxifen resistance progression has not been explored. In the present study, P28GANK and stem cell markers Nanog, Oct-4 and Sox-2 expression were evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical technology in 72 breast carcinoma patients who received tamoxifen as adjuvant anti-hormone treatment. Expression data were correlated with the clinical outcome and survival of patients. Data analysis showed that P28GANK, Oct-4 and Sox-2 transcripts were significantly overexpressed in tamoxifen resistance patients. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that protein expression of P28GANK and Oct-4 were also significantly higher in tamoxifen resistance patients. We have shown a positive correlation between mRNA and protein expression of P28GANK, Oct-4 and Sox-2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that P28GANK (P = 0.002) and Oct-4 (P = 0.013) overexpression could be negative independent factors of disease outcome. Additionally, in the whole study group, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high expression of P28GANK and Oct-4 remained significant and unfavorable predictive factors for patients' survival. These findings suggest that Gankyrin and Oct-4 overexpression could promote tamoxifen refractory in breast cancer patients. More studies are warranted to clarify the predictive role of these potential biomarkers for patients who don't benefit from tamoxifen treatment and their possible application as prognostic markers in ER+ tamoxifen-treated breast carcinoma patients.

Expression and clinicopathological significance of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3A and 3B in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients.

Progression of tamoxifen resistance remained as a crucial obstacle to treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast carcinoma patients. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of DNA methylation pattern on tamoxifen refractory. This study aimed to investigate the protein expression pattern and clinicopathological significance of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3A and 3B, as leading factors in regulation of DNA methylation process, in breast carcinoma patients with adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Seventy two Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) breast tumor tissues of tamoxifen sensitive (TAMS) and tamoxifen resistance (TAM-R) patients were recruited for immunohistochemical experiments. DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b expressions were observed in 86, 72.2 and 100% of tamoxifen resistance patients, respectively. Data analysis indicated that DNMTs were overexpressed in TAM-R tumors (P < 0.05). In TAM-S subgroup, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression was associated with high histologic grade (P = 0.049, P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). DNMT3B expression was also correlated with lymphatic invasion (P = 0.034). In TAM-R subgroup, DNMT1 expression associated with extracapsular nodal extension (P = 0.019). DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression showed a significant association with high histologic grade (P = 0.001) and DNMT3A expression was also associated with HER-2 status (P = 0.027). Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that overexpression of DNMT3B remained as an independent and unfavorable prognostic factor for disease free survival (P < 0.001). Taken together, these results suggest that DNMTs could be an effective factor in development of tamoxifen resistance in breast tumors.

PAX2 expression is correlated with better survival in tamoxifen-treated breast carcinoma patients.

PAX2 (paired box gene 2) is a transcription factor, which is involved in both cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to investigate PAX2 expression in tamoxifen resistant (TAM-R) and tamoxifen sensitive (TAM-S) breast carcinoma patients and analyze its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate PAX2 protein expression in 36 TAM-R and 36 TAM-S formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tumor tissues. Data analysis indicated that PAX2 expression was significantly higher in TAM-S group in comparison to TAM-R (P = 0.014). Overexpression of PAX2 was significantly correlated with perineural invasion (PNI) (P = 0.025). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed significant association between high expression of PAX2 and better disease-free survival (P < 0.001) and also overall survival (P = 0.031). Multivariate cox regression analysis demonstrated that patients with increased expression of PAX2 have a trend toward improved disease free survival (OR = 0.065, 95% CI: 0.009-0.476; P = 0.007) and overall survival (OR = 0.147, 95% CI: 0.020-1.105; P = 0.062). Our data suggested that high expression of PAX2 could be associated with better survival in estrogen receptor positive tamoxifen-treated breast carcinoma patients.

Altered DNA methyltransferases promoter methylation and mRNA expression are associated with tamoxifen response in breast tumors.

Tamoxifen is a standard anti-hormone treatment in estrogen receptor positive breast carcinoma patients. Unfortunately, about 50% of patients relapse during treatment. Promoter hypermethylation contributes to the epigenetic modulation of tamoxifen resistance-related genes. To evaluate the contribution of DNMTs expression and their promoter methylation as diagnostic biomarkers in development of breast malignancy and tamoxifen resistance, the present study was designed and 107 breast tumors and normal breast tissues were recruited. Methylation-specific high-resolution melt curve analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to evaluate DNMTs promoter methylation and mRNA expression, respectively. Our results indicated that DNMT3A and DNMT3B promoters were demethylated in breast tumors as compared to control tissues. The mRNA expression levels of all three DNMTs were significantly increased in tumor specimens in comparison to control tissues (p < 0.05). Among tumor tissues, DNMT3A promoter methylation was significantly higher in tamoxifen sensitive patients (p = 0.001). Overexpression of DNMT3A (p = 0.037) and DNMT3B (p < 0.001) mRNA were observed in tamoxifen resistance group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that low methylation status of DNMT3A and overexpression of DNMT3B could be as independent predictors of disease recurrence. Multivariate Cox regression analysis, revealed that high methylation status of DNMT3A could be an independent and favorable predictor for disease free survival (p = 0.002) and overall survival (p = 0.026); high expression of DNMT1 (p = 0.03) remained significant and unfavorable predictive factor for overall survival. In conclusion, our data for the first time indicated that low methylation status of DNMT3A promoter and overexpression of DNMT3B could contribute to disease recurrence in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients.

Coleopteran-specific and putative novel cry genes in Iranian native Bacillus thuringiensis collection.

The characterization of the strains containing Coleopteran-specific and also putative novel cry genes in Iranian native Bacillus thuringiensis collection is presented. Characterization was based on PCR analysis using 31 general and specific primers for cry1B, cry1I, cry3A, cry3B, cry3C, cry7A, cry8A, cry8B, cry8C, cry14, cry18, cry26, cry28, cry34 and cry35 genes, protein band patterns as well as their insecticidal activity on Xanthogaleruca luteola Mull. larvae. Forty six isolates (65.7%) contained minimum one Coleopteran-active cry gene. Based on universal primers, strains containing cry18 and cry26 genes were the most abundant and represent 27.1% and 24% of the isolates, respectively, whereas cry14, cry3, cry28, cry34, cry35, cry7, cry8 genes were less abundant, found in 14.2, 12.5, 10, 7, 7 and 5.6% of the strains, respectively. Based on specific primers, isolates containing cry1I were the most abundant (48.5%). Two strains containing Coleopteran-active cry genes showed higher activity against X. luteola larvae than B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni pathovar tenebrionis. Thirty isolates, when assayed for cry1C, cry5, cry6, cry8b, cry9, cry10, cry11, cry18, cry24 and cry35 genes, showed unexpected size bands. Cloning and sequencing of the amplicons allowed both the identification of known cry genes and the detection of putative novel cry1C sequences.

Molecular detection of nematicidal crystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis strains of Iran and evaluation of their toxicity on free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes.

The characterization of nematode-effective strains and cry genes in the Iranian Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) collection (70 isolates) is presented. Characterization was based on PCR analysis using 12 specific primers for cry5, cry6, cry12, cry13, cry14, and cry21 genes encoding proteins active against nematodes, crystal morphology, and protein band patterns as well as their nematicidal activity on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and two free-living nematodes (Chiloplacus tenuis and Acrobeloides enoplus). PCR results with primers for these genes showed that 22 isolates (31.5%) contain a minimum of one nematode-active cry gene. Strains containing the cry6 gene were the most abundant and represent 22.8% of the isolates. Bt strains harboring cry14 genes were also abundant (14.2%). cry21 and cry5 genes were less abundant, found in 4.2% and 2.8% of the strains, respectively. In total, six different nematode-active cry gene profiles were detected in this collection. Four isolates did not show the expected PCR product size for cry5, cry6, and cry21 genes; they might contain potentially novel insecticidal crystal protein genes. Twenty-two Bt isolates containing nematode-active cry genes were selected for preliminary bioassays on M. incognita. Based on these bioassays, four isolates were selected for detailed bioassays. Isolates YD5 and KON4 at 2 x 10(8) CFU/mL concentrations showed 77% and 81% toxicity on M. incognita, respectively. The free-living nematodes C. tenuis and A. enoplus were more susceptible and the highest mortality was observed within 48 h of incubation at all of the concentrations tested. Maximum mortality was recorded for isolates SN1 and KON4 at 2 x 10(8) CFU/mL concentrations and resulted in 68% and 77% adults deaths of C. tenuis and 68% and 72% for A. enoplus, respectively. Our results showed that PCR is a useful technique for toxicity prediction of nematicidal Bt isolates.