Validity of dietary assessment methods compared with doubly labeled water in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to validate dietary assessment methods against the gold standard, doubly labeled water (DLW), for estimating total energy intake (TEI). METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched until May 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving participants aged 1-18 years, employing dietary assessment methods like food records, dietary histories, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), or 24-h recalls estimating TEI alongside DLW to measure total energy expenditure (TEE). Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis models. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies were identified, with sample sizes ranging from 9 to 118 participants. Meta-analysis of 22 studies identified underestimation of TEI (mean difference [MD] = -262.9 kcal/day [95% CI: -380.0, -145.8]; I2 = 93.55%) for food records compared with TEE estimated by DLW. Other dietary assessment methods, including food recalls (n = 9) (MD = 54.2 kcal/day [95% CI: -19.8, 128.1]; I2 = 49.62%), FFQ (n = 7) (MD = 44.5 kcal/day [95% CI: -317.8, 406.8]; I2 = 94.94%), and diet history (n = 3) (MD = -130.8 kcal/day [95% CI: -455.8, 194.1]; I2 = 77.48%), showed no significant differences in TEI compared with DLW-estimated TEE. All studies were of high quality. CONCLUSION: Food records may underestimate TEI, yet additional research is needed to identify the most accurate methods for assessing children's dietary intake.

The effects of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Synbiotics, refer to a combination of probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism that beneficially affect the host's health by alternating the composition and/or function of the gut microbiota. Numerous meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have proven that pro, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation has health outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the strength and quality of this evidence in aggregate have not yet been synthesized in great detail. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar were searched up to March 2023. We pooled the mean difference and its 95% confidence interval (CI) by applying a random-effects model. Results: Overall, nine meta-analyses including a total of 12 trials were identified. The results of the present study indicated that probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; WMD: -0.29, 95% CI: -0.57 to -0.02, p = 0.03, n = 4; moderate certainty) and fasting glucose concentration (FGC; WMD: -7.5 mg/dL, 95% CI: -13.60 to -0.51, p = 0.03; n = 4; low certainty). Moreover, synbiotic supplementation had beneficial effects on glycemic control, lipid profile, and hormonal parameters, but the certainty of the evidence was rated as low to very low. However, supplementation with pro-/synbiotics did not affect inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. Furthermore, waist/hip circumference, fasting glucose concentration, lipid profile, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hirsutism score were significantly reduced after prebiotics supplementation with low certainty of evidence. Conclusion: Although pro-, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation had beneficial effects on some PCOS-related outcomes, the certainty of the evidence was rated as low to very low. Therefore, further well-designed RCTs might help to confirm our findings in women with PCOS.

Associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors among older adult men.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally, and epidemiological studies have suggested a link between diet and cardiometabolic risk. Currently, the prevalence of CVD is rapidly increasing with an aging population and continues to contribute to the growing economic and public health burden. However, there is limited evidence available regarding dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in older adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in males ≥60 years. Factor analysis identified a "healthy" diet and an "unhealthy" diet as the two primary dietary patterns. Multivariable logistic regression was used for estimating the associations of identified dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors including anthropometric measures, blood pressure, glycemic biomarkers, lipid profile, and inflammatory biomarkers. A healthy dietary pattern was significantly associated with decreased odds of high serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.15-0.67; Ptrend=0.002), but increased odds of high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.02-3.24; Ptrend=0.04). In comparison, an unhealthy diet was associated with increased odds of obesity (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.31-4.15; Ptrend=0.004) and high LDL-C (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10-2.61; Ptrend=0.02). Thus, in older adults, adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern has a significant impact on clinically relevant risk factors for cardiometabolic risk.

Dietary components and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: A systematic review of epidemiological studies.

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer among white-skinned people. The main environmental risk factor for all types of skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) exposure to the sun. However, significant modifiable risk factors, such as diet, have been studied about NMSC risk. Several original studies have been conducted on the link between various dietary components and the risk of NMSC in the past decade, but have not been systematically reviewed. This review focuses on the potential impact of dietary components in the prevention of NMSC and evaluates the findings of epidemiologic evidence for dietary factors. We conducted a systematic search of three databases, including Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PubMed, to identify relevant epidemiological studies published between 2000 and July 6, 2021. Finally, forty-three articles were included. Because of the inherent limitations of epidemiological studies, no definitive conclusions can be drawn; however, the links between folate, citrus, caffeine, and alcohol with BCC are notable; thus, high dietary folate intake, as well as citrus and alcohol consumption, are associated with an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), whereas caffeine is associated with a lower risk. More research is required to reach a definitive conclusion.

Association of dietary phytochemical index with cardiometabolic risk factors.

Objective(s): Cardio-metabolic risk factors are becoming a global health concern. To address this problem, one of the proposed ways is to focus on phytochemical-rich foods consumption. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the results of observational studies (cohorts, case-control, and cross-sectional) that investigated the association between dietary phytochemical index (PI) as a new index for evaluating phytochemical-rich food intake and various risk factors of cardio-metabolic disorders. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The literature search was performed up to August 2021 with no publication year restriction on observational studies investigating the association between PI and cardiometabolic risk factors on adults and children. A random-effect meta-analysis was used. Results: Overall, 16 articles (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort) were eligible for this systematic review and 8 studies with 99771 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Random effect meta-analysis showed that adherence to higher dietary PI decrease the odds of abdominal obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.88, I2: 84.90), generalized obesity (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.98, I2: 68.10), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.89, I2: 0.00), hypertension (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99, I2: 7.02), and MetS (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.88, I2: 84.90). However, results considering the associations between dietary PI with glycemic indices, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were not significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Evidence showed adverse associations between dietary PI and some cardio-metabolic risk factors such as obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.

The Association Between Dietary Diversity Score and Odds of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Case-Control Study.

A dietary diversity score (DDS) may be a useful strategy for monitoring risks associated with chronic diseases. Few studies have investigated the relationship between DDS and the progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). A better understanding of the relationship between DDS and diabetic nephropathy (DN) may provide insight for monitoring the overall diet and clinical outcomes. This case-control study included 105 women with DN and 105 controls with age and diabetes duration-matched to evaluate the extent to which DDS is associated with DN. Dietary intake was assessed using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DDS was calculated based on the method using five food groups: bread/grains, vegetables, fruits, meats, and dairies. Conditional logistic regression was performed to examine the association between DDS and odds of DN. Anthropometric measures and physical activity levels were evaluated using standard protocols. In a fully adjusted model [controlled for age, body mass index (BMI), energy intake, physical activity, diabetes duration, cardiovascular disease history, and drug usage], greater adherence (the third vs. the first tertile) to DDS [odds ratio (OR) = 0.13; 95% CI (0.05-0.35)], vegetables group [OR = 0.09; 95% CI (0.02-0.36)], and fruits group [OR = 0.05; 95% CI (0.01-0.20)] were significantly associated with lower odds of DN. However, we did not observe any significant relationship between other DDS components and the odds of DN. Our findings showed that higher DDS might be associated with reduced odds of DN. However, more prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Association of healthy beverage index with circadian rhythm and quality of sleep among overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Circadian rhythm is a behavioral, physiological, and molecular change with a cycle length of approximately 24 h. Changes to the circadian rhythm can result in sleep difficulty. The healthy beverage index (HBI) is a holistic concept for evaluating the quality of overall beverage intake and its association with health-related outcomes in nutritional epidemiological studies. This study aimed to assess the relationship of HBI with circadian rhythm and sleep quality among overweight/obese women. METHODS: The current study was conducted among 208 overweight and obese women between 18-48 years in Tehran, Iran. We evaluated potential HBI with a valid food frequency questionnaire. Following standard procedures, trained personnel assessed anthropometric measures, blood samples, and other baseline characteristics. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the morning-eveningness questionnaire were applied to evaluate sleep quality and circadian rhythm respectively. RESULTS: The mean (SD) BMI for this study was 30.8 (4.2) kg/m2. We observed that subjects in the least tertile had significantly high levels of triglyceride (p = 0.04) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.009). High-density lipoprotein was significantly different across the tertiles (p = 0.003). After adjusting for potential covariates, subjects in the second tertile of HBI had 5.07 odds of having the worst quality of sleep as compared to those in the third tertile, p < 0.05. We also observed a significant inverse association between the HBI and the "moderately evening type" participants (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.68-0.99; p: 0.02) after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Healthy beverage consumption may have the potential of improving sleep quality among overweight and obese subjects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, evidence obtained from a descriptive study.

Dietary intake of total, animal and plant proteins and the risk of coronary heart disease and hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Previous findings assessing the association between long-term protein intake and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are inconsistent. This study aimed to summarize previous investigations on the association between total, animal and plant proteins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and hypertension (HTN) in adults. METHODS: Related papers were found by searching through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to April 2020. Prospective cohort studies examined the association between consumption of the dietary protein from different sources and the risk of CHD and HTN in general population, were included. The random-effects model was used to pool the reported relative risks (RR). Dose-response associations were modeled by restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: Thirteen prospective studies, in total, including 547,303 participants- 11,590 cases with total CHD and 5,620 with HTN- were included. Dietary intake of total protein was not significantly associated with the risk of total CHD (RR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.90-1.05) and HTN (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.90-1.14). Moreover, consumption of both dietary plant and animal protein was not related to the risk of total CHD and HTN. Dose-response analysis indicated that the risk of CHD and HTN did not change significantly with increasing dietary total protein intake from 10% to 25% of total calorie intake. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary protein intake from different sources had no significant association with risk of CHD and HTN. Further high-quality research is needed to examine the potential mechanistic links between dietary protein intake and health outcomes.

The Association between Dietary Diversity Score and Risk of Prostate Cancer: (A Case-Control Study).

There are few studies that evaluated the relationship between dietary diversity score (DDS) and risk of cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of DDS with the risk of prostate cancer (PC) among Iranian men. This case-control study was performed among 60 cases with prostate cancer and 60 hospital-based controls. Anthropometric measurements were done and demographic information was recorded using standard protocols. A validated 160-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess usual dietary intakes. Also, Binary logistic regression was performed to estimate the risk of PC in relation to DDS. After controlling for several confounders (age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake, job, education, and antihypertensive drugs usage) higher adherence to DDS (OR = 0.33; 95% CI (0.11-0.97)), fruits group (OR = 0.19; 95% CI (0.06-0.63)), and vegetables group (OR = 0.17; 95% CI (0.05 - 0.58)) were significantly associated with lower risk of PC. In contrast, greater adherence to the meat group (OR = 3.88; 95% CI (1.32-11.42)) was significantly associated with increased PC risk. Our results showed that adherence to a diet with higher DDS, especially higher amounts of fruits and vegetables and a lower amount of meat could decrease the risk of PC.

Associations between mother-child dyad dietary patterns and child anthropometric measures among 6-year-old children.

The goals of this study were to study relationships between maternal and children's dietary patterns (DPs) and to assess how children's DP was associated with child anthropometry. This cross-sectional study included 788 pairs of 6-year-old girls and mothers in health centers in Tehran, Iran. Information on dietary intake was collected with a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Principal component factor analysis was performed to label different data-driven dietary patterns. Three different binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between child's DPs and child anthropometry. A positive correlation was found between all maternal patterns and child's Western DP (p < 0.001). Maternal prudent and Western DPs were correlated with child's high-protein DP (p < 0.001). Children's high-protein DP was negatively correlated with maternal high fat DP (p < 0.001). Maternal prudent and high fat DPs were correlated with prudent DP in children (p < 0.001). In adjusted models, a child being in the highest compared to the first quartile of the high-protein DP was associated with decreased odds of underweight and wasting (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.23-0.80).Conclusion: The present study showed inverse associations between a high-protein DP in children and being underweight and wasted. Also, a positive correlation was found between all maternal DPs and children's Western DPs. This correlation should be taken into account while managing child nutrition by means of educating parents on the influence of their own dietary pattern on their children. Moreover, getting enough protein through a balanced diet should be considered in children. What is Known: • Some research exists on the intake of specific foods in relation to risk of abnormal growth in children. • Less is known about the relationship between mothers' and children's food intake. What is New: • Better adherence to a high-protein dietary pattern was significantly associated with lower risk of being both underweight and wasted. • This study suggests that correlation between mothers' and their children's dietary patterns exists, which should be taken into consideration when managing child nutrition.

Plant-based diets and risk of disease mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

We aimed to examine the association between adherence to plant-based diets (PBDs) and the risk of mortality among the general population. Relevant investigations were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and ISI Web of Knowledge. Data were pooled using a random-effects or a fixed-effects model. Twelve prospective cohort studies with 42,697 deaths among 508,861 participants were included. The hazard ratios (HRs) for the highest compared to the lowest category of adherence to the PBDs were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82, 0.99; I2 = 91%, n = 12) for all-cause and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.86; I2 = 36%, n = 8) for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Among PBDs subtypes, there was an inverse association between healthy plant-based 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.96; I2 = 0%, n = 2), Pesco-vegetarian 0.81 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.92; I2 = 0%, n = 2), and Pro-vegetarian 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.88; I2 = 61.2%, n = 2) diets and the risk of all-cause mortality. A vegetarian diet was also associated with lower risk of mortality due to cardiovascular 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.99; I2 = 0%, n = 5) and CHD 0.76 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.85; I2 = 35%, n = 7). Our findings show the potential protective role of PBDs against chronic disease mortality. As there were certain limitations in some of the studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, further research is necessary to confirm our findings.

The Nordic diet and the risk of non-communicable chronic disease and mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to the Nordic diet (ND) and the risk of chronic disease. PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched to February 2020 to find prospective cohort studies. The relative risks (RRs) were calculated using a fixed-effects/random-effects model. The certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE approach. Thirteen prospective cohort studies with 930,153 participants were included. The RRs for the highest compared to the lowest category of adherence to the ND were 0.78 (95%CI: 0.69, 0.87; I2 = 51%, n = 6) for all-cause mortality, 0.78 (95%CI: 0.74, 0.83; I2 = 70%, n = 4) for cardiovascular mortality, 0.86 (95%CI: 0.80, 0.93; I2 = 83%, n = 4) for cancer mortality, 0.88 (95%CI: 0.79, 0.98; I2 = 3%, n = 3) for stroke, 0.80 (95%CI: 0.68, 0.95; I2 = 47%, n = 3) for myocardial infarction, and 0.90 (95%CI: 0.82, 0.99; I2 = 33%, n = 4) for type 2 diabetes. There was an inverse linear association between the ND score and the risk of mortality, and an inverse monotonic association for type 2 diabetes. The certainty in the estimates ranged from very low to low.

Dietary protein sources and risk of diabetic nephropathy in women: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have investigated the association between dietary protein and the risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, there is no agreement on the type of dietary protein sources that might increase the risk of DN. This study was conducted to investigate the associations between different protein sources and the odds of DN developing in Iranian women with existing type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In this case-control study, 105 women with DN and 105 controls, matched for age and diabetes duration, were selected from the Kowsar Diabetes Clinic in Semnan, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Dietary protein patterns were estimated using the factor analysis method. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the association between protein patterns and the odds of developing DN. RESULTS: Two patterns were identified: the Mediterranean-based Dietary Protein Sources (MDPS) pattern which is rich in low-fat dairy, fish, poultry, soy, and legumes, and the Western-based Dietary Protein Sources (WDPS) pattern, rich in red and processed meats, eggs, and high-fat dairy. After adjusting for several confounders, greater adherence (third vs. the first tertile) to the MDPS pattern was associated with lower odds of DN (OR = 0.03; 95 % CI: 0.00, 0.10). In contrast, a strong positive association was observed between adherence to the WDPS pattern and DN (OR = 2.81; 95 % CI: 1.09-7.21). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is a potential association between the type of protein sources consumed and the odds of DN development in women with type 2 diabetes. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Dietary Intake of Linoleic Acid, Its Concentrations, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: Earlier evidence on the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of diabetes has been conflicting. PURPOSE: To quantitatively summarize previous studies on the association between dietary LA intake, its biomarkers, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the general population. DATA SOURCES: Our data sources included PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science until 24 October 2020; reference lists of all related articles; and key journals. STUDY SELECTION: We included prospective cohort studies that examined the associations of linoleic acid (LA) with the risk of T2DM in adults. DATA SYNTHESIS: The inverse variance method was applied to calculate summary relative risk (RR) of LA intake and its biomarkers, and dose-response associations were modeled using restricted cubic splines. Twenty-three publications, covering a total of 31 prospective cohorts, were included; these studies included 297,685 participants (22,639 incident diabetes cases) with dietary intake assessment and 84,171 participants (18,458 incident diabetes cases) with biomarker measurements. High intake of LA was associated with a 6% lower risk of T2DM (summary relative risk [RR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.90, 0.99; I 2 = 48.5%). In the dose-response analysis, each 5% increment in energy from LA intake was associated with a 10% lower risk of T2DM. There was also evidence of a linear association between LA intake and diabetes, with the lowest risk at highest intakes. The summary RR for diabetes per SD increment in LA concentrations in adipose tissue/blood compartments was 0.85 (95% CI 0.80, 0.90; I2 = 66.2%). The certainty of the evidence was assessed as moderate. LIMITATIONS: A limitation of our work was the observational design of studies included in the analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a high intake of dietary LA and elevated concentrations of LA in the body were both significantly associated with a lower risk of T2DM. These findings support dietary recommendations to consume dietary LA.

The association of dietary choline and betaine and anthropometric measurements among Iranian children: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that choline and betaine are associated with improved anthropometric measures including, BMI and waist circumference however, results are largely inconsistent and limited studies exist in children. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between dietary choline and betaine, and anthropometric measurements among Iranian children. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, dietary information was collected for 788 six-year-old children, who attended Tehran health centers in 2018. We measured dietary intakes using a valid and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The USDA database was used to calculate dietary choline and betaine. We assessed anthropometric characteristics, physical activity, and socio-demographic status based on a reliable and valid protocol. Logistic regression adjusted for energy, physical activity, socio-economic status, and maternal age, physical activity, BMI, and HEI2015 was used to assess this association. RESULTS: Free choline, glycero-phospho-choline, phospho-choline, phosphatidyl-choline, total choline, and total betaine, and choline were not related to overweight, obesity, underweight and wasting in the crude and adjusted model after controlling for children's energy intake, children's physical activity, socio-economic status, maternal physical activity, and BMI. Betaine intake was associated with mid-arm circumference and risk of overweight. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any evidence to support the association between dietary choline with anthropometric measurements among Iranian children. Further prospective studies with a large sample size in different populations are needed.

Dietary energy density and risk of prostate cancer: (A case-control study).

OBJECTIVE: Some observational studies investigated the association between dietary energy density (DED) and risk of cancers with inconstant results. In addition, there is no study on such association among patients with prostate cancer (PC). The present study was performed to evaluate the association between dietary energy density (DED) and PC risk. METHODS: In this case-control study, one hundred and twenty-five participants were enrolled (62 cases and 63 controls). Dietary intakes were assessed using 160-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In addition, demographic characteristics were collected using a general questionnaire and anthropometric indices were measured based on the available guidelines. The association between DED and PC risk was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The results showed that higher DED score was associated with increased risk of PC (OR = 2.59; 95% CI= (1.24-5.40)). Interestingly, after adjusting for potential confounders ((smoking, physical activity, energy intake, education, ethnicity, job, anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin) the results remained significant (OR = 2.87; 95% CI= (1.17-7.05)). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that DED may increase the risk of PC. However, more prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results.

Interaction between major dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness on metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Several researches have been conducted on the associations between diet and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and major cardiovascular risk factors. However, there is no report about the interaction between major dietary patterns and CRF on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. To investigate the combined association of major dietary patterns and CRF on MetS and its components. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 apparently healthy adults living in Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). CRF was assessed using a graded exercise treadmill test. Socio-economic status, anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and blood pressure were evaluated according to standard methods. Major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. RESULTS: Three major identified dietary patterns were (healthy, mixed, and western). Significant positive association was found between mixed dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.68, 95% CI (1.92,7.78), P = 0.04). There were not relations between tertiles of identified dietary patterns and remained outcomes. Those who had higher adherence to mixed pattern with also higher CRF showed a significant decrease for diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01). Also we found that there was no significant interaction between any of dietary patterns and CRF on odds of MetS. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, adherence to mixed dietary pattern in this population was associated with increasing odds of MetS. However, nor CRF neither the combination of dietary patterns and CRF was related to the odds of MetS among Iranian adults. More studies are needed to clarify these associations and to consider interpersonal determinants.

Association between sugar-sweetened beverages and waist circumference in adult populations: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Based on previous studies, Sugar-Sweetened beverages (SSB) can increase the risk of obesity and obesity-related disorders. However, findings are conflicting. The aim of the present study was to summarize the association between the intake of SSB and waist circumference (WC) in adult populations. METHODS: Four electronic databases including PubMed/Medline, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and EMBASE were considered to collect eligible papers until 31 January 2019 with English language. RESULTS: Finally, we reached 7 eligible cohort studies for both qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Based on the pooled 10 effect sizes, we found that the consumption of SSB can increase WC by 14%. However, it was not statistically significant and the between-study heterogeneity was high (95%CI: 0.86, 1.51; I2: 90.8%). We also observed that soda drink can increase WC by 31% (95%CI: 1.03, 1.66; I2:0%). CONCLUSION: The current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the consumption of SSB can increase WC by 14% in adult populations. However, this value was not statistically significant. However, more prospective studies are necessary to make a decision on the link between the consumption of SSB and abdominal obesity.

The association between Healthy Beverage Index and anthropometric measures among children: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Several studies evaluated the associations between specific beverages and cardio-metabolic risks among children. However, the evidence on the association between patterns of the beverage consumption and children's anthropometric indices is rare. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the association between Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) and anthropometric measures among 6-year-old girl children. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 788 children selected from health centers in Tehran, Iran. Data on beverage intake, socio-demographic, physical activity, and anthropometric characteristics were evaluated using reliable and validated standard protocols. The predefined HBI was calculated based on the previous research. RESULTS: After controlling for several confounders [mother age, mother body mass index, mother physical activity, socioeconomic status, children physical activity and energy intake, total oils (all kinds of oils like animal and plant oils), and total sweet foods (sweet foods except sweetened beverages)], being in the third compared to the first tertile of HBI among children was associated with increased odds of wasting (OR: 5.16; 95% CI 1.5-17.79) and underweight/wasting (OR: 1.81; 95% CI 1.07-3.07). Among the HBI components, just being in the third compared to the first tertile of high-fat milk was inversely associated with decreased odds of wasting (OR: 0.18; 95% CI 0.04-0.73). CONCLUSIONS: The HBI among children was associated with higher odds of wasting and underweight/wasting. In addition, high-fat milk consumption decreased the odds of wasting among children. Further prospective studies need to confirm these results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

The effect of Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is evidence that alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation plays an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, its effect, specifically, on endothelial function (EF) is unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of ALA supplementation on EF. Databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched to identify eligible publications from inception up to April 2020. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of ALA supplementation on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) levels in adults were included. The pooled results were obtained using the random-effects model and are expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Five studies including six effect sizes and 300 participants were included. ALA supplementation significantly increased FMD levels by 2.36% (95% CI: 1.21-3.51; p < .001), compared with the control. Subgroup analyses suggested that the effects of ALA on FMD could be changed by age and health status of the participants. Dose-response analysis also showed that ALA dosage had a significant non-linear effect on FMD levels. The results showed that ALA supplementation appears to improve the EF. However, the role of ALA supplementation in improving other biomarkers of EF requires further research.