Camel milk composition by breed, season, publication year, and country: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Camel milk consists of an essential macro/micronutrient for human nutrition in the arid and urban regions. This review study aimed to use meta-analysis statistical techniques for assessment and correction of publication bias, exploration of heterogeneity between studies, and detailed assessment of the effect of a comprehensive set of moderators including breed, season, country, year of publication, and the interaction between composition elements. This could provide a single synthesis of the camel milk composition to warrant strong generalizability of results, examine variability between available studies, and analyze differences in camel milk composition among different exposures. Such a finding will aid future researchers and health professionals in acquiring a more precise understanding of camel milk composition and drawing more clinical implications. Six searching databases and bibliographic were used including PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Springer, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 1980 to December 2021. The DerSimonian-Laird estimator was used to create the current random-effects meta-analysis. This systematic review and meta-analysis included a total of 7298 camel milk samples from 23 countries. This review comprises 79 studies published in the English language on or after 1980, including a subgroup of 117 analyses consisting of seasons, sub-breeds, and countries. The contents of macro/micronutrients in camel milk were identified as follows: protein, 3.17%; fat, 3.47%; lactose, 4.28%; ash, 0.78%; and total solids, 11.31%; calcium, 112.93 mg/100 g; iron, 0.45 mg/100 g; potassium, 116.13 mg/100 g; magnesium, 9.65 mg/100 g; sodium, 53.10 mg/100 g; zinc, 1.68 mg/100 g; vitamin C, 5.38 mg/100 g; vitamin A, 0.36 mg/100 g; vitamin B1 ,0.05 mg/100 g; vitamin B2 , 0.13 mg/100 g; vitamin B3 , 0.51 mg/100 g; vitamin B6 , 0.09 mg/100 g; and vitamin B12 , 0.0039 mg/100 g. Our meta-regression analysis found that fat and total solids were statistically significant moderators of protein; moreover, total solids content is a statistically significant moderator of fat. Discrepancies observed in camel milk profiles are dependent upon several factors, including number of included studies, number of samples, different analytical techniques, feeding patterns, camel's breeds, geographical locations, and seasonal variations.

A Novel Variant of Type II Monteggia Equivalent Fracture-Dislocation in Children: A Case Report.

Monteggia fracture-dislocations are extremely rare in children. By definition, it is an ulnar shaft fracture with proximal radioulnar joint dislocation. Throughout the years, various equivalents of this entity have been described. In this report, we present a unique case of a type II Monteggia fracture equivalent with an ipsilateral fracture of the proximal radius and olecranon in a child. The patient was a 12-year-old male who presented with a history of a fall on an outstretched hand. The diagnosis was made based on the clinical examination and plain radiographs. We describe the management of this unique fracture and discuss the possible mechanism of injury. We have highlighted a rare combination of injuries. It is crucial to investigate the condition properly in order to avoid missing the diagnosis and to prevent poor outcomes and further unnecessary revision surgeries.