Correction: Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level.

Correction for 'Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level' by Xiaohui Ju et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2021, 9, 7386-7400, DOI: 10.1039/D1TB00706H.

Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) possess multiple redox enzyme mimetic activities in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a potential biomedicine. These enzymatic activities of CeNPs are closely related to their surface oxidation state. Here we have reported a synthetic method to modify CeNPs' surface oxidation state by changing the conformation of the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymers adsorbed onto the CeNP surface. The synthesized PAA-CeNPs exhibited the same core size, morphology, crystal structure, and colloidal stability, with the only variation being their surface oxidation state (Ce3+ percentage). The modification mechanism can be attributed to the polymers chemisorbed onto the metal oxide surface forming a metal complexation structure. Such adsorption further modified CeNPs' surface oxidation state in a temperature-dependent manner. The series of PAA-CeNPs exhibited multiple redox enzyme mimetic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and oxidase) directly related to their surface oxidation state. In vitro experiments showed no cytotoxic effect of these PAA-CeNPs on the osteoblastic cell line SAOS-2 at high loadings. Microscopic images confirmed the internalization of PAA-CeNPs in the cells. All tested PAA-CeNPs can reduce the basal and hydrogen peroxide-induced intracellular ROS level in the cells, indicating their effective intracellular ROS scavenging effect. However, we did not observe a positive correlation between the CeNP surface oxidation state and their capacities to reduce the intracellular ROS levels. We propose that CeNPs can maintain a dynamic state of Ce3+/Ce4+ during their catalytic activities, exhibiting a non-linear correlation between the CeNP surface oxidation state and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level.

Colloidal stability and catalytic activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in cell culture media.

One of the biggest challenges for the biomedical applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) is to maintain their colloidal stability and catalytic activity as enzyme mimetics after nanoparticles enter the human cellular environment. This work examines the influences of CeNP surface properties on their colloidal stability and catalytic activity in cell culture media (CCM). Near-spherical CeNPs stabilized via different hydrophilic polymers were prepared through a wet-chemical precipitation method. CeNPs were stabilized via either electrostatic forces, steric forces, or a combination of both, generated by surface functionalization. CeNPs with electrostatic stabilization adsorb more proteins compared to CeNPs with only steric stabilization. The protein coverage further improves CeNPs colloidal stability in CCM. CeNPs with steric polymer stabilizations exhibited better resistance against agglomeration caused by the high ionic strength in CCM. These results suggest a strong correlation between CeNPs intrinsic surface properties and the extrinsic influences of the environment. The most stabilized sample in CCM is poly(acrylic acid) coated CeNPs (PAA-CeNPs), with a combination of both electrostatic and steric forces on the surface. It shows a hydrodynamic diameter of 15 nm while preserving 90% of its antioxidant activity in CCM. PAA-CeNPs are non-toxic to the osteoblastic cell line SAOS-2 and exhibit promising potential as a therapeutic alternative.