Increasing water-use efficiency mediates effects of atmospheric carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen on growth variability of central European conifers.

Climate controls forest biomass production through direct effects on cambial activity and indirectly through interactions with CO2, air pollution, and nutrient availability. The atmospheric concentration of CO2, sulfur and nitrogen deposition can also exert a significant indirect control on wood formation since these factors influence the stomatal regulation of transpiration and carbon uptake, that is, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Here we provide 120-year long tree-ring time series of iWUE, stem growth, climatic and combined sulfur and nitrogen (SN) deposition trends for two common tree species, Pinus sylvestris (PISY) and Picea abies (PCAB), at their lower and upper distribution margins in Central Europe. The main goals were to explain iWUE trends using theoretical scenarios including climatic and SN deposition data, and to assess the contribution of climate and iWUE to the observed growth trends. Our results showed that after a notable increase in iWUE between the 1950s and 1980s, this positive trend subsequently slowed down. The substantial rise of iWUE since the 1950s resulted from a combination of an accelerated increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca) and a stable level of leaf intercellular CO2 (Ci). The offset of observed iWUE values above the trajectory of a constant Ci/Ca scenario was explained by trends in SN deposition (all sites) together with the variation of drought conditions (low-elevation sites only). Increasing iWUE over the 20th and 21st centuries improved tree growth at low-elevation drought-sensitive sites. In contrast, at high-elevation PCAB sites, growth was mainly stimulated by recent warming. We propose that SN pollution should be considered in order to explain the steep increase in iWUE of conifers in the 20th century throughout Central Europe and other regions with a significant SN deposition history.

The driving factors of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) accumulation in selected fish species: The influence of position in river continuum, fish feed composition, and pollutant properties.

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) represent a group of highly recalcitrant micropollutants, that continuously endanger the environment. The present work describes the geographical trends of fish contamination by individual PFASs (including new compounds, e.g., Gen-X) assessed by analyzing the muscle tissues of 5 separate freshwater fish species from 10 locations on the Czech section of the Elbe River and its largest tributary, the Vltava River. The data of this study also showed that the majority of the detected PFASs consisted of long-chain representatives (perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, and perfluoroundecanoic acid), whereas short-chain PFASs as well as other compounds such as Gen-X were detected in relatively small quantities. The maximum concentrations of the targeted 32 PFASs in fish were detected in the lower stretches of the Vltava and Elbe Rivers, reaching 289.9 ng/g dw, 140.5 ng/g dw, and 162.7 ng/g dw for chub, roach, and nase, respectively. Moreover, the relationships between the PFAS (PFOS) concentrations in fish muscle tissue and isotopic ratios (δ15N and δ13C) were studied to understand the effect of feed composition and position in the river continuum as a proxy for anthropogenic activity. Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning showed that the largest part of the data variability was explained by the interaction of position in the river continuum and δ15N (δ13C) of the fish. The PFAS concentrations increased downstream and were positively correlated with δ15N and negatively correlated with δ13C. A detailed study at one location also demonstrated the significant relationship between δ15N (estimated trophic position) and PFASs (PFOS) concentrations. From the tested physicochemical properties, the molecular mass and number of fluorine substituents seem to play crucial roles in PFAS bioaccumulation.

Perioperative care of elderly patients.

As life expectancy increases in economically developed countries, there is an increasing need for medical care for the elderly. In surgical fields, this means that the number and spectrum of surgical interventions in elderly patients is increasing. Because of this special attention should be paid to the preoperative evaluation in these patients. Communication with the patient and relatives is crucial in order to decide on the extent of the surgical intervention and whether to treat these patients with curative or palliative intent. It is imperative that physicians understand the physiology of aging and its associated risks, as traditional perioperative risk assessment tools are insufficient in this patient group.

Intraspecific variability in allelopathy of Heracleum mantegazzianum is linked to the metabolic profile of root exudates.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Allelopathy may drive invasions of some exotic plants, although empirical evidence for this theory remains largely inconclusive. This could be related to the large intraspecific variability of chemically mediated plant-plant interactions, which is poorly studied. This study addressed intraspecific variability in allelopathy of Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed), an invasive species with a considerable negative impact on native communities and ecosystems. METHODS: Bioassays were carried out to test the alleopathic effects of H. mantegazzianum root exudates on germination of Arabidopsis thaliana and Plantago lanceolata. Populations of H. mantegazzianum from the Czech Republic were sampled and variation in the phytotoxic effects of the exudates was partitioned between areas, populations within areas, and maternal lines. The composition of the root exudates was determined by metabolic profiling using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the relationships between the metabolic profiles and the effects observed in the bioassays were tested using orthogonal partial least-squares analysis. KEY RESULTS: Variance partitioning indicated that the highest variance in phytotoxic effects was within populations. The inhibition of germination observed in the bioassay for the co-occurring native species P. lanceolata could be predicted by the metabolic profiles of the root exudates of particular maternal lines. Fifteen compounds associated with this inhibition were tentatively identified. CONCLUSIONS: The results present strong evidence that intraspecific variability needs to be considered in research on allelopathy, and suggest that metabolic profiling provides an efficient tool for studying chemically mediated plant-plant interactions whenever unknown metabolites are involved.

Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol protect age-dependently from hypoxia-induced changes of cortical excitability in developing rats.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol pre-treatment on hypoxia induced changes in brain cortex excitability were tested in immature rats exposed chronically to simulated altitude of 7 000 m. METHODS: Rat pups were kept together with their mothers for 8 hours a day in hypobaric chamber since the day of the birth till the postnatal day 11 or 17. Each day immediately before placing to hypobaric chamber pups were pretreated intraperitoneally either with ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) or α-tocopherol (1 500 mg/kg). Cortical afterdischarges were elicited by repeated stimulation of the right sensorimotor cortex. The duration of evoked cortical afterdischarges was analyzed. RESULTS: Duration of cortical afterdischarges progressively declines with age. Hypoxia prolonged the duration of afterdischarges in 12-, 18- and 25-day-old animals. Pretratment with ascorbic acid or α-tocopherol shorted afterdischarges duration in youngest experimental group when compared with animals exposed to hypoxia only. CONCLUSION: Hypoxia significantly affects the brain cortex excitability by prolonging afterdischarges duration. This effect differs with age. Antioxidant pre-treatment brought about shorter duration of cortical afterdischarges only in the youngest experimental group. The antioxidant effect is therefore age dependent.

Impact of chronic ethanol intake of rat mothers on the seizure susceptibility of their immature male offspring.

The aim of present study was to examine the impact of prenatal ethanol exposure on seizure susceptibility of the offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were compelled to drink either 10% or 20% ethanol solution, as the only drinking fluid since conception up to the weaning of their offspring at the age of 28 days. Pregnant and nursing rats of the control group drank water. Electrophysiological experiments (repeated electrical stimulation and analysis of cortical afterdischarges duration) were than performed on their immature offspring. Rat pups were tested on postnatal day 18, 25, and 35. Shortening of afterdischarges duration was observed in 18-day-old animals (mothers drank 20% ethanol) when compared with age matched controls and failure of post-ictal depression phenomenon was found in 25- and 35-day-old animals. Our findings signalize that ethanol exposure during pregnancy influences seizure susceptibility by acting on excitatory/inhibitory brain systems and this effect is dose- and age-dependent.

Voltammetric determination of aminobiphenyls at a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond film electrode.

Voltammetric behavior of 2-aminobiphenyl, 3-aminobiphenyl, and 4-aminobiphenyl at a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond film electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Optimum conditions have been found for the determination of those genotoxic substances by differential pulse voltammetry at the above given electrode in the concentration range of 2 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-5) mol/L.

Carbamazepine-resistance in the epileptic dentate gyrus of human hippocampal slices.

Overexpression of drug efflux pumps at the blood brain barrier (BBB) has been suggested to be one important factor contributing to drug resistance in epilepsy. This would imply that resected brain tissue of drug-resistant patients is drug-sensitive in absence of the BBB. Here we studied the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) at therapeutically relevant concentration on epileptiform activity electrophysiologically recorded in acute hippocampal slices of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE; 28 patients, 49 slices) or extra-hippocampal tumours (tumour; 6 patients, 11 slices). Epileptiform activity was induced by hilar stimulation (0.067 Hz) during elevation of extracellular potassium concentration ([K(+)](o)) and remained self-sustained in presence of 10-12 mM [K(+)](o). Quantitative analysis of data revealed that epileptiform activity in tissue of tumour-patients was predominantly suppressed by CBZ, indicating that the 'epilepsy model' used is CBZ-sensitive. In contrast, epileptiform activity in tissue of drug-resistant MTLE patients was resistant to CBZ in 82% of patients, partially suppressed in 11% and completely suppressed in 7%. The effects of CBZ in tissue of MTLE patients did not depend on the type of activity, hippocampal pathology, excitability of the tissue, or equilibration time of the drug. Considering that CBZ has direct access to all compartments of the slice, our results suggest that CBZ-resistance mechanisms are located within the parenchyma of the dentate gyrus and contribute to drug resistance in the majority of MTLE patients. BBB-located drug-resistance mechanisms per se may play a minor role in this region, because CBZ-sensitivity was only observed in 7% of CBZ-resistant patients.

[Kainic acid and neurobiology]. / Kainát a neurobiologie.

Kainic acid, the analog of excitatory amino acid L-glutamate, interacts with specific receptors in the central nervous system. During last 25 years it has become a tool for studying many human brain disorders, for example human temporal lobe epilepsy, Huntington's chorea etc. Systemic administration of kainic acid results in neuronal death in experimental animals. The mechanism, by which kainic acid produces neuronal damage is still unclear, as well as physiological function of kainate receptors remain to be elucidate. This review attempts to survey the major achievements reached in the studies, which were publicized throw the last three decades.