Energy and nutrient intake in older adults with healthy aging during the Corona Virus Disease 19 pandemic- a cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lockdown measures implemented amid the COVID-19 pandemic promoted changes in lifestyle, particularly engagement in physical activity/exercise and dietary intake. However, few studies are available investigating the healthy older population, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy and nutrient intake among older adults with successful aging and to evaluate changes in muscle mass, strength and physical performance. METHODS: A cohort study of 38 healthy older adults from a Brazilian geriatrics referral center were assessed at two time points: baseline - up to 1 year prior to the pandemic; and follow-up - an average of 17 months after the pandemic outbreak. Energy and nutrient intake was determined using food recalls and diary records, while muscle mass was calculated based on anthropometric parameters. Maximum hand-grip strength and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score were also evaluated. RESULTS: Median age of participants was 87 years. During the pandemic, intake of protein increased from 52.6 g to 63.9 g (p = 0.013) and micronutrients also increased: vitamin C from 35.4 mg to 76.1 mg (p = 0.027), vitamin B12 from 2.2 mg to 3.1 mg (p = 0.045), calcium from 435.1 mg to 631.5 mg (p < 0.001), magnesium from 186.5 mg to 198.9 mg (p = 0.043), zinc from 5.8 mg to 7.6 mg (p = 0.009), iron from 6.9 mg to 7.2 mg (p = 0.035) and potassium from 1941.6 mg to 2115.5 mg (p = 0.048). No changes in energy intake or other nutrients were evident. No difference in mass, strength or physical performance was observed during the study period. Overall, 84% of participants remained physically active, although engagement in physical exercise decreased by 50% (p < 0.002). CONCLUSION: The increase in intake of proteins and micronutrients suggests improved diet quality during the pandemic. Engagement in physical exercise decreased significantly, but level of physical activity was maintained. No change in anthropometric parameters, strength or physical performance was evident in the population investigated.

Prediction equations to estimate muscle mass using anthropometric data: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Reduced muscle mass is linked to poor outcomes in both inpatients and outpatients, highlighting the importance of muscle mass assessment in clinical practice. However, laboratory methods to assess muscle mass are not yet feasible for routine use in clinical practice because of limited availability and high costs. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to review the literature on muscle mass prediction by anthropometric equations in adults or older people. DATA SOURCES: The following databases were searched for observational studies published until June 2022: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. DATA EXTRACTION: Of 6437 articles initially identified, 63 met the inclusion criteria for this review. Four independent reviewers, working in pairs, selected and extracted data from those articles. DATA ANALYSIS: Two studies reported new equations for prediction of skeletal muscle mass: 10 equations for free-fat mass and lean soft tissue, 22 for appendicular lean mass, 7 for upper-body muscle mass, and 7 for lower-body muscle mass. Twenty-one studies validated previously proposed equations. This systematic review shows there are numerous equations in the literature for muscle mass prediction, and most are validated for healthy adults. However, many equations were not always accurate and validated in all groups, especially people with obesity, undernourished people, and older people. Moreover, in some studies, it was unclear if fat-free mass or lean soft tissue had been assessed because of an imprecise description of muscle mass terminology. CONCLUSION: This systematic review identified several feasible, practical, and low-cost equations for muscle mass prediction, some of which have excellent accuracy in healthy adults, older people, women, and athletes. Malnourished individuals and people with obesity were understudied in the literature, as were older people, for whom there are only equations for appendicular lean mass. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42021257200.

Teste de força máxima de preensão palmar em pessoas idosas longevas do sudeste brasileiro: definição de pontos de corte / Maximum handgrip strength test in long-lived elderly people from southeastern Brazil: definition of cutoff points

Resumo Objetivo Definir pontos de corte para os valores do teste de força máxima de preensão palmar (FMPP) em pessoas idosas longevas. Método Estudo transversal com amostra de pessoas idosas longevas, octogenárias e nonagenárias, saudáveis e independentes funcionais (grupo robusto) e frágeis (grupo frágil). O teste de FMPP foi realizado em triplicata, sendo considerado o maior valor obtido. Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e os pontos de corte foram calculados por meio da Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (ROC). Foram utilizados os pontos de corte brasileiros e os do Consenso Europeu de Sarcopenia para estudo da comparação. Resultados Foram avaliadas 121 pessoas idosas, com idade média de 84,5±5,3 anos, 65 (53,7%) do sexo feminino, sendo 46 (38%) do grupo frágil e 75 (62%) do grupo robusto. Foram encontrados os pontos de corte para FMPP de 27 kgf para homens e 19 kgf para mulheres. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade para os pontos de corte masculinos foram 94,44 e 65,79, respectivamente. Para o sexo feminino foram de 85,71 e 67,57. A partir desses pontos de corte, 23 (38,3%) pessoas idosas do grupo robusto foram classificadas com força inadequada, e, portanto, com provável sarcopenia, ao passo que, de acordo com os pontos de corte brasileiros e europeus, o número é de 35 (44,3%) e 14 (33,3%), respectivamente. Conclusão O estudo definiu pontos de corte para a população longeva e mostrou que os pontos de corte definidos até o momento para a população idosa brasileira não se mostraram adequados para longevos.

Abstract Objective To define cut-off points for the values ​​of the Maximum Handgrip Strength (MGS) test in long-lived elderly people. Method Cross-sectional study with a sample of long-lived elderly people, octogenarians and nonagenarians, healthy and functionally independent (robust group) and frail (fragile group). The MHS test was performed in triplicate, with the highest value obtained being considered. Sensitivity, specificity and cut-off values ​​were calculated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The Brazilian cut-off points and those of the European Consensus on Sarcopenia were used for the comparison study. Results 121 elderly people were evaluated, with a mean age of 84.5±5.3 years, 65 (53.7%) female, 46 (38%) from the frail group and 75 (62%) from the robust group. Cut-off points for MHS of 27 kgf for men and 19 kgf for women were found. Sensitivity and specificity values ​​for men's cutoffs were 94.44 and 65.79, respectively. For woman, they were 85.71 and 67.57. Based on these cutoff points, 23 (38.3%) individuals from the robust group were classified as having competitive strength, and therefore with probable sarcopenia, while according to the Brazilian and European cutoff points, the number is 35 (44.3%) and 14 (33.3%). Conclusion The study defined cut-off points for the oldest-old population and showed that the cut-off points defined so far for the Brazilian elderly population were not adequate for the oldest-old.

Feasibility of Remote Delivering an Exercise and Lifestyle Education Program for Individuals Living with Prediabetes and Diabetes in Brazil.

This study aimed to test the feasibility of remote delivering a 12-week exercise and lifestyle education program (ExLE) or a 12-week exercise program (Ex) for individuals with prediabetes and diabetes in terms of acceptability, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy. The programs were internet- or telephone-based delivered, depending on the participants' internet access and technology literacy. Of the 196 individuals screened, 15 were included in the study (internet-based delivery (n = 13); telephone-based delivery (n = 2)). Twelve participants completed the program they were randomized to, and most reported being satisfied with the study interventions (acceptability). Data collection procedures, weekly follow-up, study website visits, and educational materials were proper (implementation), and the adherence rate to study interventions ranged from 24% to 58% (practicality). Additionally, both programs (ExLE and Ex) seemed to promote beneficial changes in functional capacity (limited efficacy). The internet-based remote delivery of the interventions showed feasibility. Therefore, in future trials, exercise and educational interventions can be internet-based remote delivered to individuals with prediabetes and diabetes with internet access and technology literacy. In addition, some adjustments to eligibility criteria, study websites, more accessible ways of recording exercise sessions and using educational materials, and an initial supervised exercise session are recommended.

Incidência de fragilidade e fatores associados à piora funcional na pessoa idosa longeva durante pandemia da covid-19: Estudo de Coorte / Incidence of frailty and factors associated with functional deterioration in oldest old during the covid-19 pandemic: A cohort study

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a incidência de fragilidade na pessoa idosa longeva, durante a pandemia da covid-19 e identificar as associações entre os domínios do Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional (IVCF -20) e a fragilização. Métodos Estudo de coorte com 64 pessoas idosas longevas previamente não frágeis, avaliados em dois momentos: na linha de base, até um ano antes do início da pandemia e no seguimento, com uma média de intervalo entre os dois momentos de 15 meses. A fragilidade foi avaliada por meio do VS - Frailty (linha de base) e aplicação remota do IVCF-20 (seguimento). Resultados A idade média foi de 88,7±5 anos e a incidência de fragilidade de 20,6%. As pessoas idosas que fragilizaram apresentaram maior dependência em: deixar de fazer compras (p<0,001), deixar de controlar o próprio dinheiro (p<0,001) e deixar de fazer trabalhos domésticos (p=0,010), assim como em: deixar de tomar banho sozinho (p=0,041). A piora da cognição foi mais presente nos idosos que fragilizaram. A presença de desânimo, tristeza ou desesperança foi elevada (92,3%) e teve associação com a fragilização (p<0,001). Na análise multivariada, a fragilização esteve associada com piora do esquecimento (RR=2,39; IC95% 1,27-4,46), perda de interesse e prazer na realização de atividades (RR=4,94; IC95% 1,98-12,35) e incontinência esfincteriana (RR=2,40; IC95% 2.91-1,53). Conclusões A incidência de fragilização entre as pessoas idosas longevas durante a pandemia foi alta. Identificou-se que mais de um domínio foi afetado o que reforça a necessidade de avaliação da pessoa idosa em sua integralidade, sobretudo em períodos atípicos como o vivenciado.

Abstract Objective To assess the incidence of frailty in oldest old during the covid-19 pandemic and to evaluate the associations between the domains of the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index (IVCF -20) and frailty. Methods A cohort study of 64 non-frail oldest old was conducted. Participants were evaluated at two timepoints: at baseline up to one year before the onset of the pandemic; and at follow-up, with an average interval between the two timepoints of 15 months. Frailty was assessed using the VS - Frailty (baseline) and remote application of the IVCF-20 (follow-up). Results Mean participant age was 88.7±5 years and the incidence of frailty was 20.6%. Frail participants exhibited greater dependence shopping (p<0.001), controlling their own money (p<0.001) and doing housework (p=0.010), as well as bathing alone (p=0.041). Cognitive decline was more prevalent in the frail individuals. The presence of despondency sadness or hopelessness proved high (92.3%) and was associated with frailty (p<0.001). On the multivariate analysis, frailty was associated with worsening forgetfulness (RR=2.39; 95%CI 1.27-4.46), loss of interest and pleasure in performing activities (RR=4.94; 95%CI 1.98-12.35) and fecal/urinary incontinence (RR=2.40; 95%CI 2.91-1.53). Conclusions

Calorie and protein delivery in critically ill surgical and non-surgical patients receiving enteral nutrition therapy

ABSTRACT Providing enteral nutritional therapy to critically ill patients is a challenge, especially during the first days after starting intensive care. These challenges appear to be greater in critically ill surgical patients. Objectives: Describe and compare enteral nutrition practices in critically ill surgical and non-surgical patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of surgical and non-surgical patients receiving exclusive enteral nutritional therapy. The values for calorie and protein delivery during the first week after admission to the intensive care unit were recorded. Results: 103 patients were enrolled (54.4% male, mean age: 63.9 years, 26.2% surgical). The median time of initiation of enteral nutritional therapy was the third day in non-surgical and the fourth day in surgical patients. Surgical patients had a lower calorie and protein delivery than non-surgical patients on the second to fourth days after admission. At the end of the first week, 20.2% of the patients had not received any diet, and there was no significant difference in nutrient delivery between the groups. Of the surgical and non-surgical patients, 42.9% and 39.3% were receiving ≥20 kcal/kg/day, and 28.6% and 34.4% were receiving ≥1.2 g/kg of protein per day, respectively. Conclusion: There was a delay in starting patients on enteral nutritional therapy and calorie and protein delivery was low, especially among surgical patients. By the end of the first week, calorie and protein delivery was similar in both groups.

RESUMEN Proporcionar terapia nutricional enteral a pacientes críticos es un desafío, especialmente durante los primeros días después de comenzar los cuidados intensivos. Estos desafíos parecen ser mayores en pacientes quirúrgicos críticos. El propósito del estudio fue describir y comparar las prácticas de nutrición enteral en pacientes críticos quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo de pacientes quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos que recibieron terapia nutricional enteral exclusiva. Se registraron los datos de entrega de calorías y proteínas durante la primera semana después de la admisión a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se estudiaron 103 pacientes (54,4% hombres, edad media: 63,9 años, 26,2% quirúrgicos). La mediana de tiempo de inicio de la terapia nutricional enteral fue el tercer día en pacientes no quirúrgicos y el cuarto día en pacientes quirúrgicos. Los pacientes quirúrgicos tuvieron una entrega de calorías y proteínas más baja que los pacientes no quirúrgicos en el segundo a cuarto día después del ingreso. Al final de la primera semana, el 20,2% de los pacientes no habían recibido ningún aporte nutricional, y no hubo diferencias significativas en el suministro de nutrientes entre los grupos. De los pacientes quirúrgicos y no quirúrgicos, 42,9% y 39,3% estaban recibiendo ≥20 kcal/kg/día, y 28,6% y 34,4% estaban recibiendo ≥1,2 g/kg de proteína por día, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Hubo un retraso en el inicio de los pacientes en terapia nutricional enteral y la entrega de calorías y proteínas fue baja, especialmente entre los pacientes quirúrgicos. Al final de la primera semana, la entrega de calorías y proteínas fue similar en ambos grupos.

Dietary interventions and cognition of Alzheimer's disease patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trial.

It is estimated that by 2030 there will be 82 million people in the world with dementia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dietary interventions on the cognitive performance of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. Thirty-two RCT were included. RESULTS: Omega-3 fatty acid showed positive effects at different doses. Fortasyn Connect seemed to be effective in the early stages of the disease. Probiotic, Ginseng, Inositol and specialized nutritional formulas seemed to have a positive effect on cognition. Most of the primary studies presented poor methodological quality, included patients with mild AD, small samples, and did not obtain significative results for all the cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of most dietary interventions on cognition in AD patients remains inconclusive, however, several nutrients, isolated or not, show potential to improve cognitive function in AD, especially in its early stages.

Estima-se que até 2030 haverá 82 milhões de pessoas no mundo com demência. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de intervenções dietéticas no desempenho cognitivo de indivíduos com DA. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e Cochrane. Trinta e dois ECRs foram incluídos. RESULTADOS: Ácidos graxos ômega-3 apresentaram efeitos positivos em diferentes doses. O Fortasyn Connect mostrou-se efetivo em estágios iniciais. Probióticos, Ginseng, Inositol e fórmulas nutricionais especializadas também demonstraram efeito positivo sobre a cognição. A maioria dos estudos primários apresentou baixa qualidade metodológica, incluiu pacientes com DA leve e amostras pequenas e não obteve resultados significativos para todos os desfechos cognitivos. CONCLUSÕES: O efeito da maioria das intervenções dietéticas em pacientes com DA permanece inconclusivo; entretanto, vários nutrientes, isolados ou não, apresentam potencial para melhorar a função cognitiva na DA, principalmente em seu estágio inicial.

Dietary patterns of Brazilian adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 / Patrones dietéticos de adultos brasileños con neurofibromatosis tipo 1

ABSTRACT Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by multisystem involvement such as bone, muscle, endocrine, ophthalmologic, cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous system, cognitive capacity, voice, and oral motor disorders. Nutritional studies in individuals with NF1 have been performed recently. While a previous study showed an inadequate nutrient intake in patients with NF1, the dietary patterns of this population have not yet been widely studied. This study aimed to characterize dietary patterns in Brazilian adults with NF1. Sixty NF1 individuals (51.7% women), ≥18 years of age underwent nutritional assessment including laboratory analysis, anthropometrics, and eating habits recorded on a food frequency questionnaire. Cluster analysis was used to distinguish between dietary patterns. Hypothesis tests were used to compare data. Two groups with distinct patterns were identified, "Healthy" (46.7%) and "Western" (53.3%). These groups were similar in most of the socioeconomic, anthropometric, demographic and laboratory parameters evaluated. However, the upper-arm total area and upper-arm muscle area (UAMA) were lower in the Western group than those in the Healthy group [59.8 (25.7) cm2 versus 65.6 (28.3) cm2, P=0.049; 35.6±12.4 cm2 versus 43.8±15.0 cm2, P=0.024, respectively]. In this study, most individuals with NF1 had a Western dietary pattern and this group showed a lower UAMA, which may indicate a potential contribution, even in part, of diet in the muscle phenotype in this population. This association between diet and muscle in NF1 individuals requires investigation in further studies.

RESUMEN La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) es una enfermedad genética autosómica dominante caracterizada por la afectación multisistémica, alterando los sistemas óseo, muscular, endocrino, oftálmico, cardiovascular, nervioso central y periférico así como las capacidades cognitivas. Un estudio previo señaló una ingesta inadecuada de nutrientes en pacientes con NF1, pero los patrones dietéticos de esta población aún no han sido estudiados ampliamente. El objetivo de este est udio es caracterizar los patrones dietéticos en brasileños con NF1. Sesenta individuos con NF1 (51,7% mujeres) ≥18 años se sometieron a una evaluación nutricional que incluyeron análisis de laboratorio, antropometría y hábitos alimentarios registrados en un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria. El análisis de conglomerados se utilizó para distinguir los patrones dietéticos; las pruebas de hipótesis para comparar datos. Se identificaron dos grupos con patrones distintos, denominados Saludables (46,7%) y Occidentales (53,3%). Estos grupos fueron similares en la mayoría de los parámetros socioeconómicos, antropométricos, demográficos y de laboratorio evaluados. Sin embargo, las áreas total braquial (ATB) y muscular braquial (AMB) fueron menores en el grupo occidental que en el grupo sano [59,8 (25,7) cm2 y 65,6 (28,3) cm2, P= 0,049; 35,6 ± 12,4 cm2 y 43,8 ± 15,0 cm2, P= 0,024, respectivamente]. En este estudio, la mayoría de las personas con NF1 habían consumido un patrón dietético occidental y este grupo presentó un AMB menor, lo que puede indicar una contribución potencial, incluso en parte, de la dieta en el fenotipo muscular en esta población. Esta asociación entre dieta y músculo en personas con NF1 requiere investigaciones en estudios adicionales.

Dietary interventions and cognition of Alzheimers disease patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trial / Intervenções dietéticas e cognição em portadores de doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados

ABSTRACT. It is estimated that by 2030 there will be 82 million people in the world with dementia. Objective: To evaluate the effect of dietary interventions on the cognitive performance of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. Thirty-two RCT were included. Results: Omega-3 fatty acid showed positive effects at different doses. Fortasyn Connect seemed to be effective in the early stages of the disease. Probiotic, Ginseng, Inositol and specialized nutritional formulas seemed to have a positive effect on cognition. Most of the primary studies presented poor methodological quality, included patients with mild AD, small samples, and did not obtain significative results for all the cognitive outcomes. Conclusions: The effect of most dietary interventions on cognition in AD patients remains inconclusive, however, several nutrients, isolated or not, show potential to improve cognitive function in AD, especially in its early stages.

RESUMO. Estima-se que até 2030 haverá 82 milhões de pessoas no mundo com demência. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de intervenções dietéticas no desempenho cognitivo de indivíduos com DA. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e Cochrane. Trinta e dois ECRs foram incluídos. Resultados: Ácidos graxos ômega-3 apresentaram efeitos positivos em diferentes doses. O Fortasyn Connect mostrou-se efetivo em estágios iniciais. Probióticos, Ginseng, Inositol e fórmulas nutricionais especializadas também demonstraram efeito positivo sobre a cognição. A maioria dos estudos primários apresentou baixa qualidade metodológica, incluiu pacientes com DA leve e amostras pequenas e não obteve resultados significativos para todos os desfechos cognitivos. Conclusões: O efeito da maioria das intervenções dietéticas em pacientes com DA permanece inconclusivo; entretanto, vários nutrientes, isolados ou não, apresentam potencial para melhorar a função cognitiva na DA, principalmente em seu estágio inicial.

Reduced bone mineral content and density in neurofibromatosis type 1 and its association with nutrient intake.

BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by multisystem involvement including low bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE To assess the bone phenotype of individuals with NF1 and verify its association with nutrient intake. METHODS Twenty-six adults with NF1 underwent bone phenotype assessments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and food intake evaluations. They were compared to 26 unaffected matched control patients. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured. DXA provided total body, spine, and hip BMDs and bone mineral content (BMC) for all patients. Food intake was evaluated for energy, macro- and micro-nutrients. RESULTS Height (1.68 ± 0.1; 1.61 ± 0.1 cm; P = 0.003) and BMC (2.3 ± 0.4; 2.0 ± 0.5 kg; P = 0.046) were lower in the NF1 group. Individuals with NF1 also presented lower total body and spine BMDs (g/cm2) (1.1 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.1, P = 0.036; 1.0 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.1; P = 0.015, respectively). The frequency of total body bone mass below the expected level for patients' ages was higher in the NF1 group (7.7%; 34.6%, P = 0.016). There were no differences in energy consumption. No correlations between BMC and BMD with nutrient intake were observed in the NF1 group. CONCLUSIONS The NF1 group presented lower BMCs and BMDs. Although a lower consumption of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, and a higher intake of sodium and omega-6 were observed, there was no relationship between bone phenotype and nutrient intake.

Determination of glycemic index of enteral formulas used in clinical practice.

Glycemic Index (GI) is a measure of carbohydrate quality and is recognised as a valid and reproducible method of classifying carbohydrate foods according to its effects on postprandial glycaemia. In this randomised crossover trial (RBR-7rjx3k) we determined the GI of nine enteral formulas, following the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation method. Forty healthy participants were included in the study (85% female mean age 27.1 ± 6.7 years). GI of the enteral formulas ranged from 40.5 to 85.2; four formulas had high GI (Nutrienteral 1.5®, Novasource GI Control®, Diamax®, Isosource Soya®), two intermediate GI (Fresubin 1.2 HP Fibre®, Nutrison Energy Multifiber 1.5®) and three low GI (Trophic 1.5®, Glucerna®, Novasource GC HP®). The GI coefficient of variation ranged from 22.9% to 83.6%. The effect of the enteral formulas with low GI in glycemic control of patients with enteral nutrition prescription needs to be test in future studies.

Padrão alimentar de idosos longevos não frágeis e sua relação com baixo peso, massa, força muscular e teste de velocidade de marcha / Dietary pattern of non-frail very old people and relationship with underweight, muscle mass and strength and gait speed test

Resumo Objetivos Identificar o padrão alimentar de idosos longevos não frágeis e avaliar a associação desse padrão a composição corporal, força muscular e teste de velocidade de marcha. Métodos Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 96 idosos com idade ≥80 anos, não frágeis. O consumo alimentar foi analisado por meio de três registros alimentares não consecutivos e a massa muscular por meio da área muscular do braço. A força muscular foi medida por dinamometria. A análise de Cluster foi utilizada para distinguir os padrões alimentares. Realizou-se a análise bivariada e a Regressão de Poisson multivariado, explorando a relação dos padrões alimentares com as variáveis independentes específicas. Resultados Foram identificados dois padrões alimentares, rotulados de padrão saudável e padrão tradicional. A prevalência de baixo peso nos idosos do padrão tradicional foi 10% (IC95% 1,01-1,20) maior do que nos idosos do padrão saudável e está prevalência praticamente manteve-se (RP 1,09; IC 1,00-1,18) no modelo ajustado por funcionalidade. Quanto a classificação da área muscular do braço os idosos do padrão tradicional apresentaram 15% (IC95% 1,00-1,32) maior prevalência de baixa massa muscular, quando comparada com os idosos do padrão saudável. Essa prevalência no modelo ajustado por funcionalidade, deixou de ser estatisticamente significativa. Não foi encontrada associação do padrão alimentar com força muscular e teste de velocidade de marcha. Conclusões Os achados demonstraram que os idosos adeptos ao padrão alimentar saudável tem menor risco de baixo peso e que a baixa massa muscular está provavelmente mais associada a funcionalidade do que ao padrão alimentar.

Abstract Objectives To identify the dietary pattern of non-frail very old people and to evaluate the association of this pattern with body composition, strength, and gait speed. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of 96 old people aged 80 or over, non-frail. Food consumption was analyzed using three non-consecutive food records. Muscle mass was assessed using arm muscular area. Muscle strength was measured by grip strength. Cluster analysis was used to distinguish dietary patterns. Bivariate analysis and multivariate Poisson Regression were performed, exploring the relationship between dietary patterns and specific independent variables. Results Two dietary patterns were identified, labeled healthy and traditional. The prevalence of underweight among the old people of the traditional pattern was 10% (95%CI 1.01-1.20) higher than among the old people of the healthy pattern and this prevalence was practically maintained (PR 1.09; 95%CI 1.00-1.18) in the model adjusted by functionality. Regarding the classification of the arm muscular area, the old people of the traditional pattern presented 15% (95%CI 1.00-1.32) more prevalence of low muscle mass, when compared with the old people of the healthy pattern. This prevalence in the functionality-adjusted model was no longer statistically significant. No association was found between dietary pattern and strength and gait speed. Conclusions The findings showed that old people who adhere to healthy dietary patterns have a lower risk of underweight and that low muscle mass is probably more associated with functionality than with dietary patterns.

Reduced bone mineral content and density in neurofibromatosis type 1 and its association with nutrient intake

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by multisystem involvement including low bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE To assess the bone phenotype of individuals with NF1 and verify its association with nutrient intake. METHODS Twenty-six adults with NF1 underwent bone phenotype assessments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and food intake evaluations. They were compared to 26 unaffected matched control patients. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured. DXA provided total body, spine, and hip BMDs and bone mineral content (BMC) for all patients. Food intake was evaluated for energy, macro- and micro-nutrients. RESULTS Height (1.68 ± 0.1; 1.61 ± 0.1 cm; P = 0.003) and BMC (2.3 ± 0.4; 2.0 ± 0.5 kg; P = 0.046) were lower in the NF1 group. Individuals with NF1 also presented lower total body and spine BMDs (g/cm2) (1.1 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.1, P = 0.036; 1.0 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.1; P = 0.015, respectively). The frequency of total body bone mass below the expected level for patients' ages was higher in the NF1 group (7.7%; 34.6%, P = 0.016). There were no differences in energy consumption. No correlations between BMC and BMD with nutrient intake were observed in the NF1 group. CONCLUSIONS The NF1 group presented lower BMCs and BMDs. Although a lower consumption of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, and a higher intake of sodium and omega-6 were observed, there was no relationship between bone phenotype and nutrient intake.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante caracterizada por envolvimento neurocutâneo e multissistêmico, incluindo baixa densidade mineral óssea (DMO). OBJETIVOS Avaliar características ósseas em indivíduos com NF1 e verificar associação com a ingestão de nutrientes. METODOLOGIA 26 adultos com NF1 submeteram-se a avaliação dos parâmetros ósseos usando absorciometria com raios-X de dupla energia (DXA), além da avaliação da ingestão alimentar. O grupo NF1 foi comparado e pareado com 26 indivíduos sem a doença. Peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura foram avaliados. DXA forneceu o conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) e a DMO do corpo total, coluna e fêmur. A ingestão de calorias, macronutrientes e micronutrientes foi avaliada. RESULTADOS O grupo NF1 apresentou redução da estatura (1,68 ± 0,1; 1,61 ± 0,1 cm; P=0,003) e do CMO (2,3 ± 0,4; 2,0 ± 0,5 kg; P=0,046). Indivíduos com NF1 também apresentaram redução da DMO de corpo total e coluna (g/cm2) (1,1 ± 0,1, 1,0 ± 0,1, P=0,036; 1,0 ± 0,1, 0,9 ± 0,1; P=0,015, respectivamente). A frequência de indivíduos com massa óssea abaixo do esperado para a idade foi maior no grupo NF1 (7,7%; 34,6%, P=0,016). Não houve diferenças no consumo energético. Não houve correlação entre CMO e DMO com a ingestão de nutrientes no grupo NF1. CONCLUSÕES O grupo NF1 apresentou redução do CMO e da DMO. Apesar de menor consumo de cálcio, ferro e vitamina A, e maior consumo de sódio e ômega-6, não foi observada relação entre o fenótipo ósseo e a ingestão de nutrientes.

Low standardized phase angle predicts prolonged hospitalization in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the performance of phase angle (PA) in identifying malnutrition and in predicting clinical outcomes in critical adult patients. METHODS: A longitudinal observational study with secondary data from Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital (Porto Alegre) and Risoleta Tolentino Neves Hospital (Belo Horizonte) involving critically ill patients assessed for nutritional status by subjective global assessment (SGA) and by anthropometry in the first 48 h after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The PA was evaluated from the realization of the bioelectrical impedance. Patients were followed up until hospital discharge to verify the other outcomes of interest: death, hospitalization time and in ICU, and duration of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: A total of 169 patients (60.3 ± 16.7 years, 56.7% men, 46.7% surgical) were followed for 23.0 (14.0-40.8) days. The accuracy of standardized PA (SPA) reduced in identifying malnourished patients was 60.6% (ROC curve AUC = 0.606, 95% CI 0.519-0.694). Reduced SPA increased in about three times the chance of having malnutrition (OR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.39-5.61) and 2 times the chance of prolonged hospital stay (OR = 2.27; 95% CI 1.18-4.34) in an adjusted analysis for the origin hospital and for the severity score. CONCLUSION: Reduced SPA showed satisfactory predictive validity for malnutrition and prolonged hospital stay in critically ill patients, reinforcing the applicability of BIA in the routine of nutritional care in ICU, since it is a simple, fast and low cost method.

Increased resting metabolism in neurofibromatosis type 1.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that is characterized by neurocutaneous changes with multisystem involvement. A previous study with adults with NF1 revealed that changes in total energy expenditure were related to food consumption and body composition. Resting energy expenditure (REE), a measure of energy that the body expends to maintain vital functions, has not been assessed in NF1 populations. This study aimed to assess REE in individuals with NF1 using indirect calorimetry (IC) and evaluate its correlation with body composition and muscle strength. METHODS: Twenty-six adults with NF1 (14 men) aged 18-45 years underwent IC for assessing REE, respiratory quotient (RQ), and substrate utilization. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were also measured. Maximum muscular strength (Smax) was measured by handgrip test using a dynamometer. Patients in the NF1 group were compared to 26 healthy controls in the control group, who were matched by sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity level. RESULTS: There were no differences in weight, WC, fat mass, and body fat percentage (BFP). Appendicular lean mass (ALM) adjusted by BMI (ALMBMI) (0.828 ± 0.161 versus 0.743 ± 0.190; P = 0.048) and Smax (37.5 ± 10.6 versus 31.1 ± 12.2; P = 0.035) was lower in the NF1 group than in the control group. No differences in body composition, strength, and anthropometric parameters were observed in men, but women with NF1 presented lower body surface area (BSA), lean body mass (LBM), ALM, ALMBMI, and Smax. REE adjusted by weight, LBM, or ALM was higher in the NF1 group than in the control group (medians, 21.9 versus 26.3, P = 0.046; 36.5 versus 41.1, P = 0.012; and 82.3 versus 92.4, P = 0.006, respectively), and these differences were observed only among women. RQ was lower in the NF1 group than in the control group (0.9 ± 0.1 versus 0.8 ± 0.1; P = 0.008), revealing that individuals with NF1 oxidized more lipids and fewer carbohydrates than controls. REE correlated negatively with BFP and positively with weight, height, BMI, WC, BSA, LBM, ALM, ALMBMI, bone mineral content, and Smax. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with NF1, particularly women, presented with increased REE (adjusted by weight, LBM, or ALM) and lower RQ compared to healthy controls. These findings were associated with lower ALMBMI and Smax, possibly indicating premature sarcopenia in this population. Further investigation concerning energy metabolism in NF1 and gender differences may be helpful in explaining underlying mechanisms of these changes.

Increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Objects To compare insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic aspects of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and individuals without the disease. Subjects and methods Forty patients with NF1 were matched by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) to 40 controls from the community. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment. Homeostasis model assessment adiponectin (HOMA-AD), Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) were used to identify IR. Results The median HOMA-IR values were similar between the groups. However, the HOMA-AD value was significantly lower and the ALR significantly higher in the NF1 group. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), leptin, and visfatin levels of patients with NF1 were significantly lower, although adiponectin levels were significantly higher than those in the controls. Fasting insulin and blood glucose levels 2 hours after administration of 75 g of dextrose, glycated hemoglobin, and resistin showed no significant differences between groups. The HOMA-AD correlated with BMI, FBG, blood glucose levels 2 hours after administration of 75 g of dextrose, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, ALR, and HOMA-IR. The ALR correlated with BMI leptin, visfatin, and adiponectin. Conclusions Lower levels of FBG, leptin, visfatin, and HOMA-AD, and higher adiponectin levels and ALR may be related to increased insulin sensitivity and lower occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with NF1.

Increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1

ABSTRACT Objects To compare insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic aspects of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and individuals without the disease. Subjects and methods Forty patients with NF1 were matched by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) to 40 controls from the community. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment. Homeostasis model assessment adiponectin (HOMA-AD), Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) were used to identify IR. Results The median HOMA-IR values were similar between the groups. However, the HOMA-AD value was significantly lower and the ALR significantly higher in the NF1 group. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), leptin, and visfatin levels of patients with NF1 were significantly lower, although adiponectin levels were significantly higher than those in the controls. Fasting insulin and blood glucose levels 2 hours after administration of 75 g of dextrose, glycated hemoglobin, and resistin showed no significant differences between groups. The HOMA-AD correlated with BMI, FBG, blood glucose levels 2 hours after administration of 75 g of dextrose, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, ALR, and HOMA-IR. The ALR correlated with BMI leptin, visfatin, and adiponectin. Conclusions Lower levels of FBG, leptin, visfatin, and HOMA-AD, and higher adiponectin levels and ALR may be related to increased insulin sensitivity and lower occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with NF1

Cardiovascular health in Brazilian state capitals 1.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health indicators in the Brazilian population, according to gender, age, education and region of residence. METHOD: cross-sectional study that used data from 41,134 participants of the Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel). The ideal cardiovascular health assessment considers four behavioral factors: not smoking; body mass index less than 25 kg/m2; practicing physical activity, eating fruits and vegetables five or more times per day; and two clinical factors (no diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension). The sum of factors at ideal levels results in a score ranging from zero (worse cardiovascular health) to six (ideal cardiovascular health). RESULTS: considering the six factors, only 3.4% of the studied population presented ideal levels of cardiovascular health, with the majority of participants (57.6%) presenting three or four ideal factors. Women had higher prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (3.8% versus 2.9% for men) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: the findings of this study are consistent with the elevated risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, observed in the Brazilian population. This may contribute to a better understanding of the scenario of cardiovascular health in the urban population of the country.

O impacto da padronização de vitamina K em dietas hospitalares / The impact of vitamin K standardization in hospital diets

Estudo prospectivo controlado que avaliou o impacto de modificações dietéticas padronizadas dos teores de vitaminaK em dietas hospitalares sobre o controle da anticoagulação oral crônica em pacientes internados, em uso de varfarina.O grupo intervenção recebeu dieta com teor padronizado de vitamina K e o grupo controle recebeu dieta sem essapadronização. Em ambos, o monitoramento da Razão Normalizada Internacional (RNI) foi realizado de acordo comprotocolo da equipe médica, sem interferência dos membros da pesquisa. Foram coletados dados sobre o consumoalimentar de vitamina K, o RNI, a dosagem de varfarina utilizada, e o tempo dispendido para normalização do RNI.O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de recordatório alimentar 24 horas a partir do início do uso de varfarinaaté a normalização do RNI. A amostra foi composta por 55 pacientes, sendo 29 no grupo controle e 26 no grupointervenção. A média de idade foi 55,47±17,52 anos, sendo 56,3% do sexo feminino e 49,1% idosos. O coeficiente devariação do consumo de vitamina K foi significativamente maior no grupo controle (0,45±0,22) quando comparado aogrupo intervenção (0,31±0,19), p=0,018. A dosagem média de varfarina utilizada foi significativamente menor no grupointervenção (5,30±1,42 mg/dia) quando comparado ao grupo controle (6,21±1,84mg/dia), p=0,044. Os dados obtidosmostraram que uma dieta hospitalar com quantidades padronizadas de vitamina K reduziu a dosagem de varfarinautilizada na normalização do RNI em pacientes anticoagulados orais. Por conseguinte, a dosagem menor de varfarinainduzida pela dieta pode reduzir o risco de eventos hemorrágicos, sobretudo em idosos

A prospective controlled study evaluating the impact of standardized dietary modifications on vitamin K levels in hospitaldiets of chronic oral, anticoagulated patients, using warfarin. The intervention group received a diet with a standardizedcontent of vitamin K and the control group received a diet without this standardization. In both, the InternationalNormalized Ratio (INR) was performed according to the medical staff's protocol, without interference from the researchgroup members. Data on dietary intake of vitamin K, INR, warfarin dosage, and the time taken for normalization ofINR were collected. Food intake was evaluated by a 24-hour food recall, starting from the beginning of warfarin useuntil the normalization of INR. The sample consisted of 55 patients, 29 patients in the control group and 26 patientsin the intervention group. The average age was 55.47 ± 17.52 years old, 56.3% were female, and 49.1% were elderly.The coefficient of variation in the consumption of vitamin K was significantly higher in the control group (0.45 ± 0.22)compared to the intervention group (0.31 ± 0.19); p = 0.018. The average dosage of warfarin use was significantly lowerin the intervention group (5.30 ± 1.42 mg / day) compared to the control group (6.21 ± 1,84mg / day); p = 0.044. Thedata showed that a hospital diet with standard amounts of vitamin K reduces the warfarin dosage to normalization of INRin oral anticoagulated patients. This result can reduce the risk of bleeding events, especially in the elderly

Development of enteral homemade diets for elderly persons receiving home care and analysis of macro and micronutrient composition / Desenvolvimento de dietas enterais semiartesanais para idosos em atenção domiciliar e análise da composição de macro e micronutrientes

Abstract Objective: the development and analysis of the macro and micronutrient composition of homemade enteral diets. Method: A standard homemade enteral diet was developed at three caloric concentrations - 1500, 1800 and 2100 Kcal. After preparation and testing of viscosity, stability, odor and color, plus evaluation of cost, the chemical composition of the nutrients of the diets were analytically determined. Folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin B12 values were calculated using chemical composition tables. The results were compared with recommended nutritional standards for the elderly. Result: The diets exhibited normal macronutrient distribution. The 1500 caloric level presented some mineral and vitamin deficiencies. Suitable values ​​were obtained at the other caloric levels for all minerals except magnesium. There were appropriate levels of all the vitamins in the 2100 Kcal diet, while vitamin E, D and B6 levels were below the recommended dietary allowances in the 1800 Kcal diet. Conclusion: The standard homemade enteral diets studied can contribute to the food and nutritional safety of elderly persons undergoing home care, if all are supplemented with magnesium and the 1800 Kcal diet is supplemented with vitamin E, D and B6. The 1500 Kcal diet was not nutritionally safe in terms of micronutrients. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver e analisar a composição de macro e micronutrientes de dietas enterais semiartesanais para uso domiciliar. Método: Foi desenvolvida uma receita de dieta enteral semiartesanal padrão, com três concentrações calóricas, de 1500, 1800 e 2100 Kcal. Após o preparo e teste de viscosidade, estabilidade, odor, cor e custo as dietas tiveram a composição química de macro e micronutrientes analisada. O folato e vitamina D e B12 tiveram seus valores estimados por meio de tabelas de composição química. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados com as recomendações nutricionais para idosos. Resultado: As dietas apresentaram distribuição normal de macronutrientes. A dieta de 1500 Kcal apresentou diversas deficiências de minerais e vitaminas. Nos demais níveis calóricos, obteve-se valores adequados para todos os minerais exceto o magnésio. As vitaminas estavam todas adequadas no nível calórico de 2100 Kcal e no de 1800 Kcal, a vitamina E, D e B6 não alcançaram as recomendações dietéticas diárias. Conclusão: A dietas padrões desenvolvidas podem contribuir para segurança alimentar e nutricional de idosos em terapia nutricional domiciliar, desde que todas suplementadas com magnésio, e a de 1800 Kcal com vitamina E, D e B6. A fórmula de 1500 Kcal não se mostrou segura nutricionalmente no que tange aos micronutrientes. AU