Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT), a Novel Method for Transferring Oral Implant Primary Failures to Final Clinical Success: A Test Case Report Followed up over More than 6 Years.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of reversing a primary failure through therapeutic mechanical stimulation induced by transcutaneous application of acoustic waves (ESWT) in the peri-implant tissues. Materials and Μethods: This clinical report evaluates the outcome of a new protocol proposed to treat a primary failure (loosened oral implant); application of three cycles of ESWT, once session per week for 3 consecutive weeks, with an equivalent positive energy of 0,18 mJ/mm² (therapeutic dose: 2000 impulses/ 8Hz/ 4.0 bar). Standardized intraoral radiographs, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) and clinical evaluations were performed. RESULTS: It was possible to verify a progressive increase in the ISQ value after the ESWT protocol; 17 (initial), 46 (after two months) and 68 (after four months), which led to successful implant prosthetic rehabilitation (35 N/cm measured). Our evaluation at 6 years of follow-up confirms that the new bone-implant interface is preserved and ESWT as a safe non-invasive treatment. CONCLUSION: In the context of the new dynamic model of osseointegration, the Foreign Body Equilibrium (FBE), this represents the first report of a host-Implant equilibrium re-established after an early failure process. However, it is necessary to perform studies to determine both the medical device and the most effective therapeutic range for clinical applications of this technology in oral implantology.

Engineered T cells secreting anti-BCMA T cell engagers control multiple myeloma and promote immune memory in vivo.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in adults and remains an incurable disease. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed immunotherapy, including T cells bearing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and systemically injected bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs), has shown remarkable clinical activity, and several products have received market approval. However, despite promising results, most patients eventually become refractory and relapse, highlighting the need for alternative strategies. Engineered T cells secreting TCE antibodies (STAb) represent a promising strategy that combines the advantages of adoptive cell therapies and bispecific antibodies. Here, we undertook a comprehensive preclinical study comparing the therapeutic potential of T cells either expressing second-generation anti-BCMA CARs (CAR-T) or secreting BCMAxCD3 TCEs (STAb-T) in a T cell-limiting experimental setting mimicking the conditions found in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. STAb-T cells recruited T cell activity at extremely low effector-to-target ratios and were resistant to inhibition mediated by soluble BCMA released from the cell surface, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic responses and prevention of immune escape of multiple myeloma cells in vitro. These advantages led to robust expansion and persistence of STAb-T cells in vivo, generating long-lived memory BCMA-specific responses that could control multiple myeloma progression in xenograft models, outperforming traditional CAR-T cells. These promising preclinical results encourage clinical testing of the BCMA-STAb-T cell approach in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

In-depth blood immune profiling of Good syndrome patients.

Introduction: Good syndrome (GS) is a rare adult-onset immunodeficiency first described in 1954. It is characterized by the coexistence of a thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, associated with an increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmunity. The classification and management of GS has been long hampered by the lack of data about the underlying immune alterations, a controversy existing on whether it is a unique diagnostic entity vs. a subtype of Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID). Methods: Here, we used high-sensitive flow cytometry to investigate the distribution of up to 70 different immune cell populations in blood of GS patients (n=9) compared to age-matched CVID patients (n=55) and healthy donors (n=61). Results: All 9 GS patients displayed reduced B-cell counts -down to undetectable levels (<0.1 cells/µL) in 8/9 cases-, together with decreased numbers of total CD4+ T-cells, NK-cells, neutrophils, and basophils vs. age-matched healthy donors. In contrast, they showed expanded TCRγδ+ T-cells (p ≤ 0.05). Except for a deeper B-cell defect, the pattern of immune cell alteration in blood was similar in GS and (age-matched) CVID patients. In depth analysis of CD4+ T-cells revealed significantly decreased blood counts of naïve, central memory (CM) and transitional memory (TM) TCD4+ cells and their functional compartments of T follicular helper (TFH), regulatory T cells (Tregs), T helper (Th)2, Th17, Th22, Th1/Th17 and Th1/Th2 cells. In addition, GS patients also showed decreased NK-cell, neutrophil, basophil, classical monocyte and of both CD1c+ and CD141+ myeloid dendritic cell counts in blood, in parallel to an expansion of total and terminal effector TCRγδ+ T-cells. Interestingly, those GS patients who developed hypogammaglobulinemia several years after the thymoma presented with an immunological and clinical phenotype which more closely resembled a combined immune humoral and cellular defect, with poorer response to immunoglobulin replacement therapy, as compared to those in whom the thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia were simultaneously detected. Discussion: Our findings provide a more accurate definition of the immune cell defects of GS patients and contribute to a better discrimination among GS patients between those with a pure B-cell defect vs. those suffering from a combined immunodeficiency with important consequences on the diagnosis and management of the disease.

Assessing micro-macroparasite selective pressures and anthropogenic disturbance as drivers of immune gene diversity in a Neotropical wild cat.

Anthropogenic environmental change is reducing available habitat for wild species, providing novel selection pressures such as infectious diseases and causing species to interact in new ways. The potential for emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses at the interface between humans, domestic animals, and wild species is a key global concern. In vertebrates, diversity at the major histocompatibility complex MHC is critical to disease resilience, and its study in wild populations provides insights into eco-evolutionary dynamics that human activities alter. In natural populations, variation at MHC loci is partly maintained by balancing selection, driven by pathogenic selective pressures. We hypothesize that MHC genetic diversity differs between guigna populations inhabiting human-dominated landscapes (higher pathogen pressures) versus more natural habitats (lower pathogen pressures). We predict that MHC diversity in guignas would be highest in human-dominated landscapes compared with continuous forest habitats. We also expected to find higher MHC diversity in guignas infected with micro and macro parasites (higher parasite load) versus non infected guignas. We characterized for the first time the genetic diversity at three MHC class I and II exons in 128 wild guignas (Leopardus guigna) across their distribution range in Chile (32-46° S) and Argentina, representing landscapes with varying levels of human disturbance. We integrated MHC sequence diversity with multiple measures of anthropogenic disturbance and both micro and macro parasite infection data. We also assessed signatures of positive selection acting on MHC genes. We found significantly higher MHC class I diversity in guignas inhabiting landscapes where houses were present, and with lower percentage of vegetation cover, and also in animals with more severe cardiorespiratory helminth infection (richness and intensity) and micro-macroparasite co-infection. This comprehensive, landscape-level assessment further enhances our knowledge on the evolutionary dynamics and adaptive potential of vertebrates in the face of emerging infectious disease threats and increasing anthropogenic impacts.

Índice de Dieta Mediterránea y pH Salival en Mujeres Adultas. Estudio Observacional / Mediterranean Diet Index and Salivary pH in Adult Women. Observational Study

El ser humano en el transcurso de la evolución ha cambiado la percepción de la alimentación dejando de lado el consumo de carne y sus derivados por factores éticos y morales, donde se sabe la dieta tiene gran relevancia en la salud general, siendo un factor de riesgo para la aparición de diversas enfermedades motivo por cual la saliva se ha utilizado como instrumento de diagnóstico Describir y comparar el índice de Dieta mediterránea según pH salival en mujeres estudiantes de Odontología de entre 20 a 30 años. Estudio descriptivo transversal comparativo. Participaron 17 mujeres adultas seleccionadas por criterio no probabilístico en la carrera de Odontología, quienes fueron evaluadas en su índice de Dieta mediterránea y pH salival. Se aplicó la prueba T de Student para muestras independientes y U Mann-Whitney para comparar características entre grupos en función del pH salival. Existen diferencias significativas entre grupos para la frecuencia de consumo de cereales integrales (p = 0,026), carnes magras (p = 0,021) y pH salival (p < 0,001). Existe un predominio hacia la baja adherencia a una dieta mediterránea, existiendo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de consumo de cereales integrales y carnes magras, siendo el consumo de estos un indicador del riesgo de la cavidad oral determinado por pH.

The human being in the course of evolution has changed the perception of food, leaving aside the consumption of meat and its derivatives due to ethical and moral factors, where it is known that diet has great relevance in general health, being a factor of risk for the appearance of various diseases, which is why saliva has been used as a diagnostic tool. To describe and compare the Mediterranean Diet index according to salivary pH in female dentistry students between 20 and 30 years old. Comparative cross-sectional descriptive study. Seventeen adult women selected by non-probabilistic criteria participated in the Dentistry career, who were evaluated in their Mediterranean Diet index and salivary pH. Student's T test for independent samples and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare characteristics between groups based on salivary pH. There are significant differences between groups for the frequency of consumption of whole grains (p = 0.026), lean meats (p = 0.021) and salivary pH (p < 0.001). There is a predominance towards low adherence to a Mediterranean diet, with significant differences in the frequency of consumption of whole grains and lean meats, the consumption of these being an indicator of oral risk determined by pH.

Didactics of written argumentation with Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) students at university level in Algeria.

The general objective of this research is to investigate the impact of a program focusing on the development of argumentation techniques on the improvement of critical essays by SFL students at the University of Algiers 2. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study was carried out, where the indicators of textual levels obtained by the students were evaluated and compared, both before and after a learning intervention. The study involved 126 students studying SFL at the University of Algiers 2, whose essays were analyzed using Parodi and Núñez's (1999) analysis guidelines, in order to evaluate the students' argumentative competence at the three levels of microstructure, macrostructure and superstructure. Once the results were analyzed, statistically significant differences were observed in the indicators of the macrostructure, and superstructure. Furthermore, an improvement in the post-test means is observed in the indicators of these microstructure. Lastly, the intervention program strengthened students' argumentative abilities, which had a significant effect on their critical essays.

Emotions and reading: When reading is the best way to improve skills in adolescents.

In recent years much research on reading competence in different languages has been published in parallel with the interest generated by the results of the PISA and PIRLS reports which were disseminated in the media and which have subsequently garnered the attention of public authorities. Studies that relate reading competence with emotional intelligence, however, are less frequent. This study aims to deepen the relationship between both constructs, using a quasi-experimental longitudinal approach that observes the evolution of 389 high school students in Spain from 16 to 18 years old. Evidence of a direct relationship between reading competence and emotional intelligence was obtained, particularly in the experimental group in which reading habits were stimulated.

Combined effects of climate change stressors and predators with contrasting feeding-digestion strategies on a mussel species.

We investigated the combined effects of Ocean Warming (OW), Acidification (OA) and predator cues (Non-Consumptive Effects; NCEs) of two predators with contrasting feeding-digestion strategies on the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. We considered starfish-NCEs (partially external digestion) and snail-NCEs (internal digestion). Mussels were exposed for 13 weeks to cross-factored OA (~500 and ~1400 µatm, pCO2) and OW (~15 and ~20 °C) conditions, in the presence/absence of NCEs from one or both predators. Mussels exposed to both NCEs exhibited smaller length and buoyant weight growth than those under control or snail-NCEs conditions. Mussels exposed to starfish-NCEs exhibited smaller wet mass than control mussels. OW and starfish-NCEs in isolation or combined with snail-NCEs increased mussel oxygen consumption. Byssal biogenesis was affected by the three-factors interaction. Clearance rates were affected by the OW × OA interaction. We suggest that mainly starfish-NCEs, in isolation or interacting with OA or/and OW, can threat mussel traits and the associated community.

Percepciones de riesgo respecto a la transmisión de VIH/sida en estudiantes de Universidad de Chile / Risk perception regarding HIV/AIDS transmission among students from the University of Chile

Fundamento: mantenerse informados es un mediador influyente en las conductas de riesgo, mas no determinante. Conocerlo no es suficiente para traducirlo en conductas preventivas ya que existen otros factores que podrían influir en el comportamiento sexual, como la percepción de riesgo. Objetivo: determinar la percepción sobre el riesgo de contraer y/o transmitir VIH/sida, en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile en el año 2020, desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico, de tipo exploratorio descriptivo, a estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile durante el año 2020. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; y empíricos: entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas. Para obtener la información se aplicó el análisis narrativo de contenido. Resultados: los estudiantes demostraron tener conocimiento respecto a VIH/sida, sus mecanismos de transmisión, tratamiento y prevención. La mayoría dice usar métodos de barrera, aunque distinguen su uso entre relaciones casuales y estables. En las relaciones de pareja estable la percepción de riesgo parece ser menor, asociada el no uso de preservativo por confianza y placer, entre otros. Conclusiones: el manejo teórico del tema no logra ser suficiente para que la autopercepción de riesgo sea incrementada y se adopten conductas preventivas. Conocer los elementos que influyen en la percepción de riesgo es relevante para lograr programas de educación sexual efectivos, considerando factores socioculturales además de la entrega de información.

Background: being updated is an influencial mediator of risk behaviors, but it is not determinant. To know the risk is not enough to put in practice prevetive behaviors since there are others factors that could influence upon sexual behavior, as the risk perception. Objective: to determine the perception about the risk of getting and/or transmitting HIV / AIDS, among students from the University of Chile, Faculty of Medicine, 2020, and with a gender perspective. Methods: a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach of descriptive exploratory type, with students from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile, was carried out in 2020. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive and historical-logical methods; and empirical ones: semi-structured individual interviews. To get the information, narrative content analysis was applied. Results: students showed their knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, the mechanisms of transmission, treatment and prevention of it. Most of them refer using barrier methods, although they distinguish the use of it depending on what if it is a casual or stable relationship. In case of stable relationships, the perception of risk seems to be lower, associated with the non-use of condoms for trust and pleasure, among others. Conclusions: the theoretical management of the topic is not sufficient for the increase of self-perception risk and preventive behaviors be adopted. Knowing the elements that influence on risk perception is relevant to achieve effective sexual education programs, taking into account sociocultural factors in addition to the communication of information.

Popliteal Vascular Lymph Node Resection in the Rabbit Hindlimb for Secondary Lymphedema Induction.

Lymphedema is a common condition often associated with cancer and its treatment, which leads to damage to the lymphatic system, and current treatments are mostly palliative rather than curative. Its high incidence among oncologic patients indicates the need to study both normal lymphatic function and pathologic dysfunction. To reproduce chronic lymphedema, it is necessary to choose a suitable experimental animal. Attempts to establish animal models are limited by the regenerative capacity of the lymphatic system. Among the potential candidates, the rabbit hindlimb is easy to handle and extrapolate to the human clinical scenario, making it advantageous. In addition, the size of this species allows for better selection of lymphatic vessels for vascularized lymph node resection. In this study, we present a procedure of vascular lymph node resection in the rabbit hindlimb for inducing secondary lymphedema. Anesthetized animals were subjected to circumferential measurement, patent blue V infiltration, and indocyanine green lymphography (ICG-L) using real-time near-infrared fluorescence, a technique that allows the identification of single popliteal nodes and lymphatic channels. Access to the identified structures is achieved by excising the popliteal node and ligating the medial and lateral afferent lymphatics. Special care must be taken to ensure that any lymphatic vessel that joins the femoral lymphatic system within the thigh without entering the popliteal node can be identified and ligated. Postoperative evaluation was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after induction using circumferential measurements of the hindlimb and ICG-L. As demonstrated during follow-up, the animals developed dermal backflow that was maintained until the 12th month, making this experimental animal useful for novel long-term evaluations in the management of lymphedema. In conclusion, the approach described here is feasible and reproducible. Additionally, during the time window presented, it can be representative of human lymphedema, thus providing a useful research tool.

Liposomas en el desarrollo de formas farmacéuticas semisólidas / Liposomes in pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms

Introducción: los liposomas son nanovesículas esféricas compuestas por fosfolípidos, característica directamente relacionada con su permeabilidad. Son estructuras ampliamente utilizadas como sistemas de entrega de fármacos cuando se administran por vía dérmica y transdérmica. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica considerando artículos científicos y patentes publicados en las si-guientes bases de datos: Google Académico, Google Patents, Pubmed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Scielo. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés y español publicados de 2012 a 2022, seleccionando los más relevantes en cuanto al tema. Resultados: en total, se seleccionaron 31 artículos y 9 patentes relacionados con el uso de liposomas en formu-laciones semisólidas con fármacos de diversas categorías farmacológicas, como antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs), corticosteroides, analgésicos opioides, anestésicos locales, antibióticos, antimicóticos, antivirales, antime-tabolitos, vitaminas y fitoquímicos. Conclusiones: los avances nanotecnológicos tienen una aplicación creciente en la formulación de medicamentos. El uso de sistemas liposomales corresponde a una herramienta de amplia utilidad y altamente beneficiosa para la formulación de semisólidos. (AU)

Introduction: liposomes are spherical phospholipid nanovesicles, an essential characteristic for their permeability. Hence, they are widely used as drug delivery systems for dermal and transdermal administration. Method: a bibliographic review of scientific articles and patents published on different information sources was carried out. We reviewed Google Scholar, Google Patents, Pubmed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Scielo, and specialized journals, both in English and Spanish. The articles were published between 2012 and 2022, and the most relevant were selected. Results: in total, 31 articles and 9 patents were selected, to be evaluated and analyzed. These articles demonstrate the use of liposomes in semisolid dosage forms of various pharmacological categories, such as non-steroidal an-ti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, opioid analgesics, local anesthetics, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-virals, antimetabolites, vitamins, phytochemicals, and some cases of skin pathologies treatment. Conclusions: nanotechnology and its advances are especially interesting for drug formulation. The use of liposo-mal systems has become a useful tool, which is beneficial, due to its characteristics, for the formulation of semi-so-lid dosage forms. (AU)

[Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome: a diagnosis to rule out in any male infant with undiagnosed hypotonia]. / Síndrome de Allan-Herndon-Dudley: un diagnóstico a descartar ante todo lactante varón con hipotonía sin causa determinada.

Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disorder, caused by a deficiency of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a specific transporter of thyroid hormones, with functions mainly at the brain level. The syndrome produces an early onset of severe neurological disorder, in which hypotonia predominates. OBJECTIVE: To present a rare case with an unexpected diagnosis, highlighting the usefulness of requesting a complete thyroid profile in every hypotonic male infant without a specific cause. CLINICAL CASE: A 10-month-old male infant with severe axial and peripheral hypotonia, global weakness with little spontaneous mobility, without head support or stable sitting. Complete metabolic and peripheral neurophysiological studies were performed. Genetic studies for spinal muscular atrophy, Prader Willi syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy were also performed. The trio exome analysis detected a probably pathogenic variant c.359C>T;p.(Ser120Phe), hemizygous in exon 1 of the SLC16A2 gene, inherited from the mother. Thyroid abnormalities as increased free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and delayed myelination were ob served. CONCLUSIONS: MCT8 deficiency should be considered in the case of the male infant with unex plained hypotonia and weakness without a determined cause. The diagnosis is guided by a thyroid profile including free T3 hormone, because it presents a characteristic thyroid profile with decreased free thyroxine (T4), increased free T3, and normal or slightly elevated TSH levels. In this case, the implementation of the trio exome analysis allows establishing an early certain diagnosis.

Multiple-stressor effects of ocean acidification, warming and predation risk cues on the early ontogeny of a rocky-shore keystone gastropod.

To understand how climate change stressors might affect marine organisms and support adequate projections it is important to know how multiple stressors may be modulated by the presence of other species. We evaluated the direct effects of ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) together with non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of the predatory crab Acanthocyclus hassleri on early ontogeny fitness-related traits of the commercially important rocky-shore keystone gastropod Concholepas concholepas. We measured the response of nine traits to these stressors at either the organismal level (survival, growth, feeding rates, tenacity, metabolic rate, calcification rate) or sub-organismal level (nutritional status, ATP-supplying capacity, stress condition). C. concholepas survival was not affected by any of the stressors. Feeding rates were not affected by OW or OA; however, they were reduced in the presence of crab NCEs compared with control conditions. Horizontal tenacity was affected by the OA × NCEs interaction; in the presence of NCEs, OA reduced tenacity. The routine metabolic rate, measured by oxygen consumption, increased significantly with OW. Nutritional status assessment determined that carbohydrate content was not affected by any of the stressors. However, protein content was affected by the OA × NCEs interaction; in the absence of NCEs, OA reduced protein levels. ATP-supplying capacity, measured by citrate synthase (CS) activity, and cellular stress condition (HSP70 expression) were reduced by OA, with reduction in CS activity found particularly at the high temperature. Our results indicate C. concholepas traits are affected by OA and OW and the effects are modulated by predator risk (NCEs). We conclude that some C. concholepas traits are resilient to climate stressors (survival, growth, horizontal tenacity and nutritional status) but others are affected by OW (metabolic rate), OA (ATP-supplying capacity, stress condition), and NCEs (feeding rate). The results suggest that these negative effects can adversely affect the associated community.

The COVID-19 pandemic is intricately linked to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by zoonotic SARS-CoV-2, has important links to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. These links range from anthropogenic activities driving zoonotic disease emergence and extend to the pandemic affecting biodiversity conservation, environmental policy, ecosystem services, and multiple conservation facets. Crucially, such effects can exacerbate the initial drivers, resulting in feedback loops that are likely to promote future zoonotic disease outbreaks. We explore these feedback loops and relationships, highlighting known and potential zoonotic disease emergence drivers (eg, land-use change, intensive livestock production, wildlife trade, and climate change), and discuss direct and indirect effects of the ongoing pandemic on biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. We stress that responses to COVID-19 must include actions aimed at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystems, in order to avoid future emergence of zoonoses and prevent their wide-ranging effects on human health, economies, and society. Such responses would benefit from adopting a One Health approach, enhancing cross-sector, transboundary communication, as well as from collaboration among multiple actors, promoting planetary and human health.

Women's perceptions about changes in food-related behaviours at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To explore women's perceptions of changes in specific food habits at home, specifically the food budget and shopping, and food preparation, during the COVID-19 period. DESIGN: Non-probabilistic, exploratory study. Participants completed an online self-administered questionnaire. Perceptions of food habit changes were measured on a five-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Data analysis was conducted in STATA v16.0. SETTING: Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Adult women between 25 and 65 years old (n 2047). RESULTS: Of the participants, 72 % were responsible for cooking, 69 % for buying food and 85 % for child care. Difficulties in organising and doing food budget works were observed in groups with a lower educational level, lower income and single mothers with children. Younger participants, dependent workers, women from biparental families with children and those in mandatory quarantine perceived more changes in their food shopping and budget management tasks. Participants more educated, with higher income and non-mandatory quarantine perceived to cook and eat healthier. Older participants perceived minor changes in their food preparation tasks at home; in contrast, more educated women and women from biparental families with children perceived more changes. If women were in charge of the kids or grocery shopping, more food environment changes were noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Women perceived changes in their food environments. Some of these changes are perceived worse in the more vulnerable population. COVID-19 presents a challenge for the food system and gender perspectives. This information should be considered in the design of food-related interventions.

Latent Inhibition as a Biological Basis of Creative Capacity in Individuals Aged Nine to 12.

This study focuses on latent inhibition, a mechanism behind selective attention, as the biological basis of creativity in schoolchildren. The main objective of this study is to know if low levels of attention positively affect the levels of creativity manifested in students between the ages of nine and 12. The design of this study is non-experimental with an explanatory-correlational cross-sectional quantitative approach. In order to achieve the objective suggested, several education centers located in Murcia were selected, in which 476 students took part in a creativity test (PIC-N), an attention test (D2), and another test about intelligence depending on the educational level (BADYG/E2r or BADYG/E3r). The results obtained showed that selective attention was negatively correlated with graphic creativity, understanding that behind it lies the latent inhibition, and that when certain levels of intelligence are present, this negative correlation increases. In this way, the simultaneous existence of creative and inattentive subjects is demonstrated.

Modelling Parkinson's Disease: iPSCs towards Better Understanding of Human Pathology.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. The underlying cause of Parkinson disease is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. It has been challenging to develop an efficient animal model to accurately represent the complex phenotypes found with PD. However, it has become possible to recapitulate the myriad of phenotypes underlying the PD pathology by using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Patient-specific iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons are available and present an opportunity to study many aspects of the PD phenotypes in a dish. In this review, we report the available data on iPSC-derived neurons derived from PD patients with identified gene mutations. Specifically, we will report on the key phenotypes of the generated iPSC-derived neurons from PD patients with different genetic background. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship these cellular phenotypes have to PD pathology and future challenges and prospects for iPSC modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis of PD.