RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This project aims to develop a bio-natural nano-product with Cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. METHODS: E. sativa oil was evaluated for its anti-oxidant, sun protection factor and elastase inhibition. Then, nanoemulgel formulations were prepared for E. sativa oil through the combination of nanoemulsion with hydrogel. E. sativa nanoemulsion formulations were prepared by the help of a selfemulsification technique. After this, the optimum formulation was mixed with Carbopol to produce the nanoemulgel. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities were evaluated. RESULTS: Nanoemulsion occurred when the size of the droplets was 195.29 nm with the lowest polydispersibility index 0.207. The results of antioxidant, anti-elastase and SPF activities for E. sativa oil were 2.10 µg/ml, 25.1 µg/ml and an SPF value of 5.57, respectively. In addition, in the anti-bacterial test for Staphylococcus aureus, it was found that nanoemulgel has an inhibition zone of 2.1 cm in diameter. According to the MRSA, the inhibition zone was 1.5 cm. CONCLUSION: E. Sativa oil could be a promising candidate in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical preparations.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Brassicaceae/química , Nanoestructuras/química , Elastasa Pancreática/antagonistas & inhibidores , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Factor de Protección Solar , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Composición de Medicamentos , Emulsiones , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Hidrogeles/química , Picratos/química , Semillas/química , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/enzimología , PorcinosRESUMEN
In order to develop a self-nanoemulsifying system, three components, olive oil, Tween 80, and Capmul, were used to construct a ternary phase diagram that helped to find the optimum formulation, which was loaded with nifedipine. The effect of sonication on drug loading was also evaluated. After that, measurement of the droplet size, size distribution, zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy were conducted for evaluation and characterisation of the formulations. The phase diagram of four formulations showed nanosizes below 200 nm; however, only one was selected to be loaded with nifedipine. The selected formulation had the lowest droplet size of 98 nm and size distribution 0.192, and was composed of 48% Tween 80, 32% Capmul, and 20% olive oil. The nifedipine self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) showed a significant change in the particle size (97 nm) and size distribution (0.257) after sonication. Its zeta potential was -32.3 mV indicating good stability. The SEM photographs of nifedipine showed particles with spherical shape and smooth surface. Finally, a self-nanoemulsifying formulation containing nifedipine, loaded in olive oil, was successfully prepared by mixing the oil with various types of surfactants and co-surfactants. A significant nifedipine self-nanoemulsifying system was developed and significantly improved accordingly.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Reduced renal function requires dose adjustment for certain drugs to avoid toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine whether appropriate dosage adjustments were made for drugs that are nephrotoxic, excreted, or metabolized (TEM medications) by the kidney in patients with renal impairment. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study of a group of hospitalized patients was carried out at Al-Watni governmental hospital, Nablus, Palestine. All patients with creatinine clearance =59 ml/min were included in the analysis. Data regarding patients' clinical, laboratory findings and medications whether they were prescribed at hospital or at discharge were collected from patients' medical files. Evaluation of appropriate dosing was based on Physician Disk Reference (PDR). All data were collected for further research and subsequent statistical analysis using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for windows version 10. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients had calculated creatinine clearance =59 ml/min. Those patients were prescribed a total of 1001 lines of prescription medication. Dosage adjustment was necessary for 193 TEM medications. Analysis of TEM medications with guidelines for adjustment indicated that 73.58%(142) were found to be inappropriate and 26.42% (51) were found to be appropriate. The most common inappropriate medications were ranitidine, antibiotics, and digoxin. Approximately 77.5% of the unadjusted medications were prescribed during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: In our study, a wide range of dosing errors was common among patients with renal impairment that was common during hospitalization. Continued medical education in the field of clinical pharmacokinetics is important for physicians.
Asunto(s)
Errores de Medicación , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/administración & dosificación , Insuficiencia Renal/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Creatinina/sangre , Creatinina/orina , Estudios Transversales , Digoxina/administración & dosificación , Digoxina/efectos adversos , Digoxina/farmacocinética , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Femenino , Hospitales con 100 a 299 Camas , Hospitales Públicos , Humanos , Israel , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Estadísticos , Farmacocinética , Ranitidina/administración & dosificación , Ranitidina/efectos adversos , Ranitidina/farmacocinética , Insuficiencia Renal/fisiopatologíaAsunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/uso terapéutico , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/tratamiento farmacológico , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Angiografía Coronaria , Utilización de Medicamentos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina , Sistema de Registros , Medición de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Tasa de Supervivencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of potential antihypertensive drug interactions among patients with cardiovascular diseases receiving antihypertensive medications. METHODS: The study took place in Nablus, Palestine starting April through October 2003. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (n=876) or who were receiving one or more antihypertensive medications were evaluated. All drugs prescribed for the patients were obtained from their medical files. A drug interaction database was developed based on updated Drug Interaction Facts to examine potential and level of drug interactions in each patient's regimen. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: The number of "unique" pairs of potential drug interactions among the antihypertensive agents present in the data was 433. These included 16 cases (3.7%) level one; 34 cases (7.8%) level 2; 116 cases (26.8%) level 3; 136 cases (31.4%) level 4, and 131 (30.3%) level 5 interactions. Both increasing age and number of drugs were significantly associated with the potential for significant interactions at all levels with a p value less than 0.025. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a high frequency of potential drug interactions with agents typically used for hypertension. Similar investigations need to be carried out among patients with other types of chronic diseases. Drug interaction software might be necessary in governmental pharmacy departments.